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Blurring the Boundaries. A Review Essay

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2010

Kathleen D. McCarthy*
Affiliation:
The Graduate Center, City University of New York

Extract

Until recently, historians tended to think of government, the market, and the nonprofit sector as discrete entities. When they ventured into the voluntary sphere, they almost always focused on individuals and institutions, rather than the mechanics of government or the economy per se. Thus, the 1960s and 1970s saw a windfall of works on social control; scholars in the 1980s examined class relations; and those in the 1990s studied issues of political culture, nation building, and citizenship. With both Marxism and civil society paradigms now in retreat, a new crop of books has begun to reexamine the ties between the sectors in new ways, moving away from traditional “charity to welfare state” models that held that when the state moved in, philanthropy withered. Although written about very different geographical regions and times, each of the three books reviewed here delves into the jumbled “mixed economy” between markets, philanthropy, and the state, and combined, they provide a fresh lens for assessing historical developments.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2010

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References

1 For the United States, selected examples would include: Griffin, Clifford, Their Brothers' Keepers: Moral Stewardship in the United States, 1800–1860 (New York: H. Wolff, 1960)Google Scholar; Hewitt, Nancy, Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984)Google Scholar; and Ginzberg, Lori, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics and Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990)Google Scholar.

2 Mauss, Marcel, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, Halls, W. D., trans. (London: Routledge 1990)Google Scholar.

3 Singer, 32, 38, 64.

4 Ibid., 186.

5 Ibid., 9.

6 Ben-Amos, 378.

7 Zelizer, Viviana A., The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief and Other Currencies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994)Google Scholar.

8 Ben-Amos, 116.

9 One of the most important early examples of this type of research was the multi-country, comparative, interdisciplinary study coordinated by the Center for Civil Society at Johns Hopkins University. For an introduction to their findings, see Salamon, Lester et al. , Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society, 1999)Google Scholar.

10 Putnam, Robert, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993)Google Scholar. To see how this played out in antebellum America, see McCarthy, Kathleen D., American Creed: Philanthropy and the Rise of Civil Society, 1700–1865 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, ch. 4.

11 For the United States, see, for example, Flexner, Eleanor, Century of Struggle: The Women's Rights Movement in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959)Google Scholar; Cott, Nancy F., The Bonds of Womanhood: ‘Women's Sphere’ in New England, 1780–1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977)Google Scholar; Stansell, Christine, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860 (New York: Knopf, 1986)Google Scholar; and Skocpol, Theda, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990)Google Scholar. On the role of different religious and ethical traditions in shaping women's philanthropy, see McCarthy, Kathleen D., ed., Women, Philanthropy and Civil Society (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001)Google Scholar.