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Between Instinct and Intelligence: Harnessing Police Dog Agency in Early Twentieth-Century Paris

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 March 2016

Chris Pearson
Chris Pearson*
Affiliation:
University of Liverpool, UK
*
[email protected]
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Abstract

This article analyzes the introduction of police dogs in early twentieth-century Paris, which formed part of the transnational extension of police powers and their specialization. Within a context of widespread fears of crime and new and contested understandings of animal psychology, police officers, journalists, and canophiles promoted the dogs as inexpensive yet effective agents who could help the police contain the threat posed by criminals. This article responds to a growing number of studies on nonhuman agency by examining how humans in a particular place and time conceptualized and harnessed animal abilities. I argue that while nonhuman agency is an illuminating and important analytical tool, there is a danger that it might become monolithic and static. With these concerns in mind, I show how examining historical actors' conceptualizations of animal abilities takes us closer to the historical stakes and complexities of mobilizing purposeful and capable animals, and provides a better understanding of the constraints within which animals act. Attitudes toward police dogs were entwined with broader discussions of human and animal intelligence. Concerns that dogs' abilities and intelligence were contingent and potentially reversible qualities resembled contemporary biomedical fears that base instincts, desires, and impulses could overwhelm human intelligence and morality, resulting in individual and collective degeneration. To many, it seemed that police dogs' intelligence had not tamed their aggressive instincts, and these worries partly explain the demise of the first wave of police dogs in Paris after World War I.

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , April 2016 , pp. 463 - 490
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2016 

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41 For instance, British dog breeder and trainer Edwin Richardson sent police dogs to India. Edwin H. Richardson, British War Dogs: Their Training and Psychology (London: Skeffington & Son, 1920), 38, 229. On policing and the growth of the modern state, see Brown, Howard G., “From Organic Society to Security State: The War on Brigandage in France, 1797–1802,” Journal of Modern History 69 (1997): 661–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gary Kinsman, Dieter K. Buse, and Mercedes Steedman, eds., Whose National Security? Canadian State Surveillance and the Creation of Enemies (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2000); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009); John Merriman, Police Stories: Building the French State, 1815–1851 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

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71 Chevandier, Policiers dans la ville, 463. The French police continue to use male and female dogs. Richard Marlet, Profession chien policier (Lausanne: Favre, 2011), 37.

72 “Les expériences de Vittel,” La Presse, 8 Aug. 1907.

73 Saint-Laurent, Chiens de défense, 49. See also de Wael, Chien auxiliaire, 25–39.

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82 Professor Hebrant, “Préface,” in Gaston de Wael, Le chien auxiliaire de la police: manuel de dressage applicable au chien de défense du particulier et au chien du garde-chasse (Bruxelles: Imprimerie F. Van Buggenhoudt, 1907), 5.

83 Dewsbury, “Issues,” 752.

84 de Wael, Chien auxiliaire, 9–11, 14, 35, 57, 60–61.

85 Zoologist Louis Boutan attempted to apply these educational ideas to apes. Thomas, “Histoire,” 233–35.

86 de Wael, Chien auxiliaire, 24.

87 Simon, Chien de police, 29–31. See also Couplet, Chien de garde, 91; Lalloué, Chien de guerre, 24.

88 Radick, Simian Tongue, 123–58.

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91 Lalloué, Chien de guerre, 24, 34. See also Couplet, Chien de garde, 93–94. Saint-Laurent, however, argued that the whip could be used “as a last measure” if the dog was “in revolt”; Chiens de défense, 29.

92 Gersbach, Manuel de dressage, 24.

93 Educators such as Félix Hément argued that children should act through a moral sense of what was right and wrong and not a fear of violence. Colin Heywood, Growing up in France: From the Ancien Régime to the Third Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 161–65.

94 Some manuals, however, often offered guidance on the training of both kinds of dogs. Couplet, Chien de garde, 123.

95 Ibid., 96; Lalloué, Chien de guerre, 27–34; de Wael, Chien auxiliaire, 43–44.

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101 Urban space reportedly posed a threat to police dogs; de Wael stressed that police dog handlers needed to know what to do if their dog had been stabbed or shot; Chien auxiliaire, 53, 60.

102 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London: Penguin, 1991 [1975]). For a contemporary critique of dominance in dog training, see Westgarth, Carri, “Why Nobody Will Ever Agree about Dominance in Dogs,” Journal of Veterinary Behavior 11 (2016): 99–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

103 Edwin H. Richardson, War, Police and Watch Dogs (London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1910), 23.

104 Lalloué, Chien de guerre, 27.

105 “Emploi des chiens comme auxiliaires de la police à Pont-à-Mousson,” 117.

106 Laurent Mucchielli, “Criminology, Hygienism, and Eugenics in France, 1870–1914: The Medical Debates on the Elimination of ‘Incorrigible’ Criminals,” in Peter Becker and Richard F. Wetzell, eds., Criminals and Their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 211–13. It should be noted that some French criminologists, such as Alexandre Lacassagne, opposed Lombroso's determinism; Nye, Crime, Madness and Politics, 191. Rabid dogs have been associated with criminality in France since at least the medieval period. Komornicka, Jolanta N., “Man as Rabid Beast: Criminals into Animals in Late Medieval France,” French History 28, 2 (2014): 157–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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108 On dogs and state repression, see Robert Tindol, “The Best Friend of Murderers: Guard Dogs and the Nazi Holocaust,” in McFarland and Hediger, eds., Animals and Agency; McFarland and Hediger, Animals and War, 105–22; Skabelund, Aaron, “Breeding Racism: The Imperial Battlefields of the ‘German’ Shepherd,” Society and Animals 16, 4 (2008): 364–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

109 “Emploi des chiens comme auxiliaires de la police à Pont-à-Mousson,” 116–17.

110 de Wael, Chien auxiliaire, 57

111 Bellier de Villiers, Chien au chenil, 10.

112 Vanessa Schwartz, Spectacular Realities: Early Mass Culture in Fin-de-Siècle France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).

113 “La malle-poste défendue par les chiens de police,” Le Matin, 25 Oct. 1908; “La sécurité à Paris,” La Presse, 18 Apr. 1907; “Les débuts d'un chien policier,” Le Matin, 19 Nov. 1907. Overseas newspapers also reported on the police dogs' success against Apache gangs. See “Police Dog Puts Whole Apaches Band to Flight,” Call (San Francisco), 12 June 1910; “Police Dogs: How They Work in Paris,” Examiner (Launceston, Tasmania), 24 Feb. 1911; “Police Dogs Seize Apache,” Evening Argus (Owosso, Michigan), 9 Apr. 1914.

114 “Stop, le chien du brigadier,” Le Matin, 21 Apr. 1907.

115 “Emploi des chiens comme auxiliaires de la police à Pont-à-Mousson,” 120. See also Villers, “Chien,” 363, 366.

116 “Chiens policiers,” Journal des ouvrages de dames et des arts féminins (1908): 317Google Scholar; APP DB 41, A.-H. Heym, “Les chiens de police (suite et fin),” La “vraie police,” 15 Mar. 1902, 10; Les Faits-divers illustrés, 28 Nov. 1907.

117 “Les chiens-apaches à Paris,” L'Eleveur belge, no. 46, 14 Nov. 1911, 738.

118 “Les chiens de police de Neuilly-sur-Seine,” Le Petit Journal, 27 Feb. 1907.

119 “Un chien policier arête deux mystérieux malandrins,” Le Matin, 16 Dec. 1913.

120 “A travers Paris,” Le Matin, 7 June 1909.

121 Villiers, “Chien,” 363 (his emphasis).

122 “Max n'est pas psychologue,” Le Matin, 30 Dec. 1907.

123 On muzzling dogs, see Dr Belloli, , “La muselière des chiens,” Bulletin de la Société protectrice des animaux, vol. 8 (1862): 313–16Google Scholar; Maret-Leriche, A bas la muselière: pétition de messieurs les chiens et leurs maîtres adressée à M. le préfet de police (Paris: Librairie théâtrale, 1861).

124 Heym, “Chiens de police.”

125 “Chiens policiers.”

126 “Les chiens de Police,” Le Matin, 24 Oct. 1909; “Tribunaux,” Le Matin, 12 Nov. 1909.

127 Deluermoz, “Circulations,” 84.

128 Harris, Murder and Madness, 41.

129 Le Bon, Crowd, 52.

130 On the long history of the “beast within,” see Sahlins, “Beast Within,” 38; Joyce. E. Salisbury, The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages (New York: Routledge, 1994). On its expression during discussions of rabies and sexuality in nineteenth-century Paris, see Kete, Beast in the Boudoir, 97–114.

131 Harris, Murders and Madness, 14.

132 Baldin, Histoire des animaux domestiques, 68.

133 By 1986, the French national police possessed 458 dogs, 315 of which were based in urban areas: APP 138 W 1, “Rapport,” 26 Oct. 1917; “Historique du club de chien de police”; Marlet, Profession chien policier, 28; APP 138 W 1, Ecole supérieure des inspecteurs de la police nationale, Sous-direction de la formation continue, Le centre national de formation des unités cynophiles, 1986, 10.

134 Susan Hurley and Matthew Nudds, eds., Rational Animals? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); Diane L. Beers, For the Prevention of Cruelty: The History and Legacy of Animal Rights Activism in the United States (Athens: Swallow Press and Ohio University Press, 2006); Ritvo, Harriet, “Animal Planet,” Environmental History 9, 2 (2004): 204–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jean-Marie Schaeffer, La fin de l'exception humaine (Paris: Gallimard, 2007).