Portions of this article were presented to the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in New York, December 1979; the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association in Honolulu, August 1979; and at the Seminar on Russian and East European Studies, University of California at Los Angeles, November 1976. My thanks to Hans Rogger, FredCarstensen, David Joravsky, John Stephan, Bruce B. Parrott, and others for their suggestions and comments.

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⁵³ For example, the recent multivolume publication of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Istoriia SSSR (Moscow, 1967), VIII, 503–4.Google Scholar More specialized Soviet studies discuss the American role but tend to minimize its importance. See Kas'ianenko, Kak byla; idem, Zavoevanie. See also Furaev, V. K., Sovetsko-amerikanskie otnosheniia 1917–1939 (Moscow, 1964).Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ New York Times, 13 November 1926.Google Scholar

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⁶² See biography of Polakov in Who's Who in Engineering (New York, 1925), 1655Google Scholar; see also Polakov, W. N., “The Gantt Chart in Russia,” American Machinist (13 08 1931), 261–64Google Scholar; Sutton, , Western Technology, II, 252.Google Scholar

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⁹¹ Ibid., 41. E. P. Everhard was the chief engineer of the Freyn Company. Although he was critical of many aspects of the Soviet economy, nonetheless in November of 1932 he noted in his diary (lent to me by his daughter) that the Soviets were doing something new in metallurgy, “something never done at home or elsewhere.” He was referring to the metallurgical process worked out at the Kuznetsk plant, where he was chief consulting engineer during construction.

⁹² See, for example, the decree by Sergo Ordzhonikidze, commissar of heavy industry, dated 16 June 1933, in Industrializatsiia SSSR, 1933–1937 (Moscow, 1971), 248Google Scholar, and the 1940 decree of the Sovnarkom, , in Resheniia panii i pravitel'stva po khoziastvennym voprosam (Moscow, 1967), II, 786Google Scholar. My thanks to Bruce B. Parrott of the School for Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, who brought these two decrees to my attention. Parrott is completing a definitive study entitled “The Politics of Technological Progress in the USSR.”

⁹³ Parrott, Bruce B., “Technology and the Soviet Polity: The Problem of Industrial Innovation, 1928 to 1973” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1976), ch. 3, p. 152.Google Scholar

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