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² Observer (Sydney), 13 June 1959.

³ Stanner, W.E.H., “Continuity and Change Among the Aborigines”, Australian Journal of Science, 12 1958, p.P. 104.Google Scholar

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⁵ Hasluck, P., Black Australians: A Survey of Native Policy in Western Australia, 1829–1897 (Melbourne, 1942), p. 57.Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid.

⁷ Ibid., p. 58.

⁸ See Grey, G., Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia, 2 vols. (London, 1841), vol. 2, pp. 373–88.Google Scholar

⁹ Bates, D.M., The Passing of the Aborigines (London, 1938), p. 67.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Rowley, C.D., “Aborigines and Other Australians”, Oceania, 06 1962, p. 249.Google Scholar

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¹³ Ibid., p. 17.

¹⁴ Rowley, , “Aborigines and Other Australians”, p. 249Google Scholar. Note, however, John Wilson's comment that while mass reprisals (in the north-west) were thought deplorable, especially when children were shot by the settlers, they were partially excused on the grounds that members of both cultures were “wild old fellows”. The atrocities were not resented so much as being “knocked back”, that is the refusal by the station owners of clothing, tobacco and other amenities. (Authority and Leadership in a ‘New-Style’ Australian Aboriginal Community: Pindan, Western Australia, M.A. Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1961, p. 36.)Google Scholar

¹⁵ Stanner, , “Continuity and Change Among the Aborigines”, p.P. 101.Google Scholar

¹⁶ At least two inquiries into the native problem can be attributed to this criticism. See Report of Royal Commission on the Conditions of Natives, Parl. Paper 5/1905, and Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Investigate, Report and Advise upon Matters in Relation to the Condition and Treatment of Aborigines, Parl. Paper 2/1935.

¹⁷ The aborigines' right of access to their tribal grounds was acknowledged by the 1864 Land Regulations (Government Gazette, 24 August 1864) and the 1898 Land Act.

¹⁸ Elkin, A.P., “Reaction and Interaction: A Food Gathering People and European Settlement in Australia”, American Anthropologist, 1951, p. 168.Google Scholar

¹⁹ An extract from a letter written in 1915 to the Minister of Education by John Kickett, a Quairading mixed-blood, speaks for itself. Kickett complained that his children were not allowed to attend the local school, although his member of Parliament had promised that they would be allowed to enrol “proveiding I lived as a white man and I looked after my children. Now Sir I am farmeing I have 200 acres of land and Trying to make a liveing out of it … I was teached at a State school and don't want to see my children degraded”. Three years later Kickett wrote to the local member of Parliament: “I want a Little Fair Play if you will Be so Kind Enough to see on my Beharfe … I have five of my People in France Fighting Since you were her for your Election one has been Killed which leaves four … as my people are Fighting for our King and Country Sir I think they should have the liberty of going to any State school.” (Education Department File 4259/1914.)

²⁰ Report on Survey of Native Affairs by F.E.A.Bateman, Part. Paper 19/1948.

²¹ Moola Bulla, Violet Valley and Munja, established in 1910, 1911 and 1926 respectively. Violet Valley was closed in 1940, Munja in 1949, while Moola Bulla was sold to private interests in 1955.

²² Quoted, in translation, in Emerson, R., From Empire to Nation (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), p. 428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²⁶ Ibid., p. 60.

²⁷ In 1852 some of the duties of the guardians of aborigines (the office was created in 1840 and abolished in 1855) were transferred to native “governors” or “kings” who were appointed as an “influence for the maintenance of order”. One of the best known “kings” was King Billy of Geraldton whose “investiture” by Governor Weld has been recorded by Mitchell, S. in Looking Backward (Geraldton, 1911).Google Scholar

²⁸ Wilson, , Authority and Leadership in a ‘New-Style’ Australian Aboriginal Community: Pindan, Western Australia, p. 73.Google Scholar

²⁹ See Royal Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Killing and Burning of Bodies of Aborigines in East Kimberley and into Police Methods when Effecting Arrests, Parl. Paper 3/1927.

³⁰ Sunday Times, 26 November 1926.Google Scholar

³¹ West Australian, 10 March 1928.Google Scholar

³² Harris, M., “Are we All Murderers?”, Nation, 11 11 1959.Google Scholar

³³ West Australian, 29 September 1944.Google Scholar

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³⁵ Gye, C., The Cockney and the Crocodile (London, 1962), p. 36.Google Scholar

³⁶ Rowley, , “Aborigines and Other Australians”, p. 259.Google Scholar

³⁷ Gere, N., The Fringe Dwellers (London, 1961).Google Scholar

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³⁹ Stanner, , “Continuity and Change Among the Aborigines”, p.P. 104.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Capell, A., “Christian Missions and Australian Aboriginal Religious Practice”, International Review of Missions, 04 1950, p. 177.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Harrison, C., A Study of the Culture Contact Situation in Collie, B.A. (Hons.) Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1960.Google Scholar

⁴² 42 Review by Stow, R. in Australian Book Review, 11 1961, p. 3.Google Scholar

⁴³ Stanner, , “Continuity and Change Among the Aborigines”, p.P. 99.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Ibid., p.P. 107.

⁴⁵ Taft, Ronald, “A Psychological Model For the Study of cial Assimilation”, Human Relations, 1957, p. 154.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Rowley, , “Aborigines and Other Australians”, p. 253.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Rose, R., Living Magic (London, 1957), p. 193.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ Durack, M., “From Yallangonga to Namatjira: a Noted Author Surveys Native Education”, W.A. Teachers Journal, 04 1961, p. 53.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Stanner, , “Continuity and Change Among the Aborigines”, p.P. 105.Google Scholar

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⁵² Barnard, M., A History of Australia (Sydney, 1962), p. 666.Google Scholar