¹ This article is intended to be a short, general essay. Readers wishing fuller evidence or illustration of particular points are referred to my book, Freud in Germany: Revolution and Reaction in Science, 1893–1907 (New York: International Universities Press, 1977).Google Scholar

² For example, Hermann Oppenheim, the neurologist, included Freud's name among those who had contributed important information on neurasthenia, hysteria, and psychotherapy. Willy Hellpach, the psychiatrist, called Freud one of the classicists of the psychology of hysteria. Albert Moll, psychiatrist and sexologist, listed Freud as one of a group of prominent hypnotherapists. For the complete lists, see Oppenheim, Hermann, Zur Prognose und Therapie der schweren Neurosen, Sammlung zwangloser Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Nervenund Geisteskrankheiten (Halle a. S.: Marhold, 1902), vol. III, pt. 8, p. 4Google Scholar; Hellpach, Willy, Grundlinien einer Psychologie der Hysterie (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1904), ivGoogle Scholar; Moll, Albert, Der Hypnotismus: Mit Einschluss der Hauptpunkte der Psychotherapie und des Okkultismus, 4th ed. (Berlin: Fischer's Medicinische Buchhandlung, 1907), 126.Google Scholar

³ See Juliusburger, Otto, “Beitrag zu der Lehre von der Psychoanalyse,” Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatric 64 (1907), 1002–10Google Scholar; summarized in the Neurologisches Centralblatt, 27:2 (1908), 89–91.Google Scholar

⁴ Der Verbrecher unci seine Richter, translated as The Criminal, the Judge, and the Public; A Psychological Analysis, Zilboorg, Gregory, trans, rev. ed. (Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1956).Google Scholar

⁵ Short biographies of Franz Alexander, Kate Friedlander, Heinrich Meng, Hans Zulliger, Oskar Pfister, and Siegfried Bernfeld may be found in Alexander, F., Eisenstein, S., and Grotjahn, M., eds., Psychoanalytic Pioneers (New York & London: Basic Books, 1966).Google Scholar

⁶ Personal conversation with Dr. Jacobson, , 2 May 1963.Google Scholar

⁷ Thomä, Helmut, “Some Remarks on Psychoanalysis in Germany, Past and Present,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 50, pt. 4 (1969), 685.Google Scholar

⁸ Personal Communication from Dr. Mitscherlich, Alexander, 5 September 1978.Google Scholar

⁹ Thomä, , “Some Remarks on Psychoanalysis,” 689.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Quoted, in Ernest, Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1953), I, 40–41Google Scholar

¹¹ Boring, E.G., A History of Experimental Psychology, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1950), 333.Google Scholar

¹² Quoted in Young, R. M., Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and Its Biological Context from Gall to Ferrier (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 232.Google Scholar

¹³ Quoted in Riese, Walther, “The Neuropsychologic Phase in the History of Psychiatric Thought,” Historic Derivations of Modern Psychiatry, Galdston, Iago, ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 114.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Storring, Gustav, Mental Pathology in Its Relation to Normal Psychology, Loveday, T., trans. (London: Sonnenschein, 1907), 1.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Becker, Theophil, Einfuhrung in diepsychiatrische Klinik, 2d ed. (Leipzig: Thieme, 1899), iii.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Jaspers began to criticize psychoanalysis before World War I. But for his fully developed argument, see Man in the Modern Age (New York: Anchor Books, 1957Google Scholar; published originally as Die geistige Situation derZeit (1931)).Google Scholar

¹⁷ See, for example, Gross'sbook, Martin L., The Psychological Society (New York: Random House, 1978), which attacks Freud for having blurred the distinction between mental sickness and mental health by designating neurosis as universal.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See, for example, Enke, Paul, Casuistische Beiträge zur männlichen Hysterie (Jena: Frommannsche Hof-Buchdruckerei, 1900), 5.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Kraepelin, Emil, Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte, 6th ed. (Leipzig: Barth, 1899), II, 511Google Scholar; and Aschaffenburg, Gustav, “Die Beziehungen des sexuellen Lebens zur Entstehung der Nerven-und Geisteskrankheiten,” Münchner medizinische Wochenschrift, 53 (1906), 1795.Google Scholar

²⁰ von Strümpell, Adolf, review of Studien üiber HysterieGoogle Scholar, by Breuer, and Freud, , Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde, 8:½ (30 12 1895), 159.Google Scholar

²¹ Wundt, Wilhelm, Outlines of Psychology, 2d rev. English ed., Judd, C. H., ed. and trans. (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1902), 228.Google Scholar

²² Külpe, Oswald, Outlines of Psychology: Based upon the Results of Experimental Investigation, Titchener, E. B., trans. (London: Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan, 1909), 3.Google Scholar

²³ Wundt, , Outlines of Psychology, 260–61.Google Scholar

²⁴ Ibid., 19.

²⁵ Külpe, , Outlines of Psychology, 452.Google Scholar

²⁶ Wundt, , Outlines of Psychology, 306–7.Google Scholar

²⁷ Wundt, Wilhelm, Principles of Physiological Psychology, Titchener, E. B., trans. (London: Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan, 1904), I, 11.Google Scholar

²⁸ Külpe, , Outlines of Psychology, 15–16.Google Scholar

²⁹ McGuire, W., ed., The Freud/Jung Letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C. G. Jung, Manheim, R. and Hull, R. F. C., trans. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 33.Google Scholar

³⁰ Freud, Sigmund, The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters to Wilhelm Fliess, Drafts and Notes, 1887–1902, Bonaparte, M., Freud, A., and Kris, E.., eds., and Mosbacher, E. and Strachey, J., trans. (New York: Basic Books, 1954), 315–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹ Jentsch, E., “Traumarbeit,” Neue Rundschau, 16:7 (07 1905), 875–82.Google Scholar

³² Freud, , Origins of Psychoanalysis, 280.Google Scholar

³³ Bibliographie der deutschen Zeitschriften-Literatur, Section A of Internationale Bibliographic der Zeitschriften-literatur (Leipzig: Dietrich, 1896–1907).Google Scholar

³⁴ Freud, Sigmund, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Vols XV, XVI of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works (London: Hogarth Press, 1963), 284–85Google Scholar; idem, “A Difficulty in the Path of Psycho-Analysis,” in Standard Edition (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), XVII, 143.Google Scholar