Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T19:01:48.895Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Politics of Isolation: Refused Relation as an Emerging Regime of Indigenous Biolegitimacy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2012

Lucas Bessire
Lucas Bessire*
Affiliation:
Anthropology, University of Oklahoma
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This essay describes the politics of voluntary isolation, an emerging category of indigeneity predicated on a form of human life that exists outside of history, the market, and wider networks of social connection. It traces a recent controversy around one such “isolated” population—Ayoreo-speaking people in the Paraguayan Gran Chaco—to suggest how these politics of isolation may represent a new regime of what Didier Fassin has called “biolegitimacy,” or the uneven political parsing and authorization of valid human life, within global formations of indigeneity. Here, I identify how international human rights law, multiculturalist state policies, humanitarian NGO programs, and genetic science all share an investment in the moral defense of isolated life. I explore how this investment may divide the kind of humanity authorized or claimed as “indigenous” into opposing legitimacies that are set against one another and vertically ranked. The essay argues that what is at stake in this process is not merely a new technique of the self or the enduring romance of the primitive, but the redistribution of the meaning and value assigned to those domains of human life imagined in opposition to social relation itself.

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 54 , Issue 3 , July 2012 , pp. 467 - 498
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abercrombie, Tom. 1998. Pathways of Memory and Power. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Albró, Robert. 2006. The Indigenous in the Plural in Bolivian Oppositional Politics. Bulletin of Latin American Research 24, 4: 433–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amnesty International. 2010. Paraguay: Raid on NGO May Be in Reprisal for Its Public Criticism of Scientific Expedition. Public Pronouncement AMR 45/007/2010, 6 Dec. At: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR45/007/2010/en/cecfdc6d-7f76-44e-afa8-860cf868340b/amr450072010en.pdf.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 2002. Diversity and Sustainable Development. In Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity for Sustainable Development. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 16–20. At: http://www.unep.org/civil_society/PDF_docs/Cultural_Diversity_and_Biodiversity.pdf.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1968. Totalitarianism, Part Three of The Origins of Totalitarianism. San Diego: Harvest.Google Scholar
Bartolomé, Miguel. 2000. El Encuentro de la Gente con los Insensatos: La Sedentarizacion de los Cazadores Ayoreo en el Chaco Paraguayo. Asuncion: Centro de Estudios Antropólogicos de la Universidad Católica (CEADUC).Google Scholar
Bedoya Silva-Santisteban, Alvaro and Garland, Eduardo Bedoya. 2005. Servidumbre por Deudas y Marginación en el Chaco de Paraguay. International Labour Organization Declaration 45/2005. At: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@declaration/documents/publication/wcms_081941.pdf.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Walter. 1999 [1921]. Critique of Violence. In Bullock, Marcus and Jennings, Michael, eds., Selected Writings, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 277–300.Google Scholar
Bessire, Lucas. 2010. Behold the Black Caiman: Politics, Desire and Becoming Ayoreo. PhD diss., New YorkUniversity Department of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Bessire, Lucas. 2011. Apocalyptic Futures: The Violent Transformation of Moral Human Life among Ayoreo-Speaking People of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco. American Ethnologist 38, 4: 743–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaser, Mario. 2004. ‘Way of Life’ or ‘Who Decides’: Development, Paraguayan Indigenism and the Yshiro People's Life Projects.” In Blaser, Mario, Feit, Harvey A., and McRae, Glenn, eds., In the Way of Development: Indigenous Peoples, Life Projects, and Globalization. London: Zed Books, 52–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boecher, Nickolas M. 2009. Third Party Petitions as a Means of Protecting Voluntarily Isolated Indigenous Peoples. Sustainable Development Law & Policy 10, 1: 58, 89.Google Scholar
Bórmida, Marcelo. 1984. Cómo una cultura arcaica concibe su propio mundo. Scripta Ethnologica 8: 5–161.Google Scholar
Brackelaire, Vincent. 2006. Diagnostico del Pueblos Aislados. Washington, D.C.: InterAmerican Development Bank.Google Scholar
Bruyere, Jean de la. 1885 [1688]. The Characters of Jean de la Bruyere. van Laun, Henri, trans. London: John Nimmo.Google Scholar
Brysk, Alison. 2000. From Tribal Village to Global Village: Indian Rights and International Relations in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 2006. Critique, Coercion and Sacred Life in Benjamin's Critique of Violence. In de Vries, Hent and Sullivan, Lawrence E., eds., Political Theologies: Public Religions in a Post-Secular World. New York: Fordham University Press, 201–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canova, Paola. 2011. Del Monte a la Ciudad: La Producción Cultural de los Ayoreode en los Espacios Urbanos del Chaco Central. Suplemento Antropologico 46, 1: n.p.Google Scholar
Carlyle, Thomas. 1843. Past and Present. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Chodoff, Paul. 1970. The German Concentration Camp as a Psychological Stress. Archives of General Psychiatry 22, 1: 78–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clifford, James. 1988. The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature and Art. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John. 2003. Ethnography on an Awkward Scale: Postcolonial Anthropology and the Violence of Abstraction. Ethnography 4, 2: 147–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combés, Isabelle. 2009. Zamucos. Cochabamba: Ediciónes Nómadas.Google Scholar
de Wilde, Marc. 2006. Violence in the State of Exception: Reflections on Theologico-Political Motifs in Benjamin and Schmitt. In de Vries, Hent and Sullivan, Lawrence E., eds., Political Theologies: Public Religions in a Post-Secular World. New York: Fordham University Press, 188–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diderot, Denis and D'Alembert, Jean le Rond, eds. 1772. Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc. University of Chicago: ARTFL Encyclopédie Project (Spring 2011 edition, Robert Morrissey, ed.). At: http://encyclopedie.uchicago.edu/.Google Scholar
Dornelles, C., Battilana, J., Fagundes, N., Freitas, L., Bonatto, S., and Salzano, F.. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA and Alu Insertions in a Genetically Peculiar Population: The Ayoreo Indians of Bolivia and Paraguay. American Journal of Human Biology 16, 4: 479–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dos Santos, Sidney, Ribero-Rodrigues, Elezemar, Ribero-dos-Santos, Andrea, and Hutz, Mara. 2009. Autosomal STR Analyses in Native Amazonian Tribes Suggest a Population Structure Driven by Isolation by Distance. Human Biology 81, 1: 71–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duerksen, Marvin. 2010a. Allanamiento de ONG se basa en denuncias. ABC Color, 4 Dec.Google Scholar
Duerksen, Marvin. 2010b. Maniobran para retirar denuncia contra ONG Iniciativa Amotocodie. ABC Color, 16 Dec.Google Scholar
Duerksen, Marvin. 2011a. Imputan a los directivos de Iniciativa Amotocodie por Lesion de Confianza. ABC Color 20 May.Google Scholar
Duerksen, Marvin. 2011b. Ayoreos exigen que una ONG devuelva mas de G. 2.000 milliones. ABC Color, 7 June.Google Scholar
Eissler, K. R. 1959. On Isolation. Pyschoanlytic Study of the Child 14: 29–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escobar, Ticio. 1988. Mision: Etnocidio. Asuncion: Editora Liticolor.Google Scholar
Fabian, Johannes. 1983. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fassin, Didier. 2009. Another Politics of Life Is Possible. Theory, Culture, and Society 26, 5: 44–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, William. 1997. Doing Good? The Politics and Antipolitics of NGO Practices. Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 439–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fortun, Mike. 2008. Promising Genomics: Iceland and deCODE Genetics in a World of Speculation. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Alan. 1997. Striking a Balance: A Guide to Enhancing the Effectiveness of NGOs in International Development. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Franklin, Sarah and Lock, Margaret, eds. 2003. Remaking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Freud, Sigmund. 1926. Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety. Standard Edition 20: 77–172.Google Scholar
Gill, Victoria. 2010. Conservation Expedition Poses Risk to Tribes. BBC News, 9 Nov.Google Scholar
Glauser, Benno. 2004. Paraguay: The Last Ayoreo in Voluntary Isolation. World Rainforest Movement Bulletin 87: 12–13.Google Scholar
Glauser, Benno. 2006. Paraguay: Pueblos Indigenas Aislados. Suplemento Antropológico 41, 2: 187–200.Google Scholar
Glauser, Benno. 2007. Su Presencia Protege el Corazon del Chaco Seco. In Parellada, A., ed., Pueblos Indigenas en Aislamiento Voluntario y Contacto Inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 220–34.Google Scholar
Goicoechea, A. S., Carnese, F. R., Dejean, C., and Avena, S. A.. 2001. New Genetic Data on Amerindians from the Paraguayan Chaco. American Journal of Human Biology 13: 660–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordillo, Gaston. 2004. Landscapes of Devils: Tensions of Place and Memory in the Argentinean Chaco. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Gordillo, Gaston. 2006. En el gran chaco: anthropologias e historias. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.Google Scholar
Gordon, Avery. 1997. Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Goulart, S., Demarchi, D. A., Raimann, P. E., Salzano, F. M., Huts, S. H., and Callegari, S. M.. 2008. Autosomal STR Genetic Variability in the Gran Chaco Native Population: Homogeneity or Heterogeneity? American Journal of Human Biology 20: 704–11.Google Scholar
Grassian, Stuart. 1983. Psychopathological Effects of Solitary Confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry 140: 1450–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Gupta, Akhil and Ferguson, James. 1997. Beyond Culture: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference. In Gupta, Akhil and Ferguson, James, eds., Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology. Durham: Duke University Press, 33–52.Google Scholar
Hale, Charles. 2006. Mas que un Indio: Racial Ambivalence and Neoliberal Multiculturalism in Guatemala. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Hein, David. 1990. Los Ayoreo Nuestros Vecinos: La mission del norte chaqueno. Asunción: El Lector.Google Scholar
Hogle, Linda. 2003. Life/Time Warranty: Rechargeable Cells and Extendable Lives. In Franklin, Sarah and Lock, Margaret, eds., Remaking Life and Death: Toward an Anthropology of the Biosciences. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 61–97.Google Scholar
Holland, Luke. 1980. Indians, Missionaries and the Promised Land: Photographs from Paraguay. London: Survival International.Google Scholar
Horst, Rene H. 2003. Consciousness and Contradiction: Indigenous People and Paraguay's Transition to Democracy. In Langer, Erick D. and Muñoz, Elena, eds., Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 103–34.Google Scholar
Horst, Rene H. 2007. The Stroessner Regime and Indigenous Resistance in Paraguay. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Hudock, A. C. 2000. NGOs’ Seat at the Donor Table: Enjoying the Food or Serving the Dinner?” IDS Bulletin 31, 3: 14–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huertas-Castillo, Beatriz. 2002. Los Pueblos Indigenas en Aislamiento: Su lucha por la sobrevivencia y la libertad. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.Google Scholar
Hulme, David and Edwards, Michael, eds. 1997. NGOs, States and Donors: Too Close for Comfort? New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IWGIA (International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs). 2010. The Case of the Ayoreo. Report 4. Copenhagen: IWGIA.Google Scholar
Jackson, Jean. 1995. Culture, Genuine and Spurious: The Politics of Indianness in the Vaupes, Colombia. American Ethnologist 22, 1: 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Jean and Warren, Kay. 2005. Indigenous Movements in Latin America, 1992–2004: Controversies, Ironies and New Directions. Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 549–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janzen, A. E. 1962. The Moro's Spear. Hillboro, Kans: Board Missions of the Mennonite Brethren Church.Google Scholar
Johnson, Jean Dye. 1966. God Planted Five Seeds. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Johnston, Kenneth J. 1985. The Story of the New Tribes Mission. Sanford, Fl.: New Tribes Mission Press.Google Scholar
Kaul, Inge, Grunberg, Isabelle, and Stern, Marc. 1999. Introduction. In Kaul, Inge, Grunberg, Isabelle, and Stern, Marc, eds., Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xix–xxxviii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keate, George. 1779. Sketches from Nature: Taken and Coloured in a Journey to Margate. London: J. Dodsley.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kidd, Stephen. 1997. The Working Conditions of Indigenous Peoples of the Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.Google Scholar
Killeen, T., Guerra, A., Calzada, M., Correa, L., Calderon, V., Soria, L., Quezada, B., and Steininger, M.. 2008. Total Historical Land-Use Change in Eastern Bolivia: Who, Where, When and How Much? Ecology and Society 13, 1: 36. At: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art36/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroeber, Theodora. 1961. Ishi in Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 1996. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, John. 1999. After ANT: Complexity, Naming and Topology. In Law, John and Hassard, John, eds., Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell, 1–14.Google Scholar
Maffi, Luisa. 2005. Linguistic, Cultural and Biological Diversity. Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 599–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maybury-Lewis, David and Howe, James. 1980. The Indian Peoples of Paraguay: Their Plight and Their Prospects. Cambridge: Cultural Survival Special Report 2.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
McFalls, Laurence. 2010. Benevolent Dictatorship: The Formal Logic of Humanitarian Government. In Fassin, Didier and Pandolfi, Mariella, eds., Contemporary States of Emergency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 317–34.Google Scholar
Muehlmann, Shaylih. 2009. How Do Real Indians Fish? Neoliberal Multiculturalism and Contested Indigeneities in the Colorado Delta. American Anthropologist 111, 4: 468–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, Fred. 1988. Locating Ethnographic Practice: Romance, Reality and Politics in the Outback. American Ethnologist 15, 4: 609–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, Fred. 2004. Ontologies of the Image and Economies of Exchange. American Ethnologist 31, 1: 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napolitano, Dora and Ryan, Aliya. 2007. The Dilemma of Contact: Voluntary Isolation and the Impacts of Gas Exploitation on Health and Rights in the Kugapakori Nahua Reserve, Peruvian Amazon. Environmental Research Letters 2, 4: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nickson, Andrew and Lambert, Peter. 2002. State Reform and the ‘Privatized State’ in Paraguay. Public Administration and Development 22, 2: 163–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niederland, William. 1968. Clinical Observations on the Survivor Syndrome. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 49: 313–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Pagden, Anthony. 1982. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Parellada, Alejandro, ed. 2007. Pueblos Indigenas en Aislamiento Voluntario y Contacto Inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.Google Scholar
Pelleschi, Giovanni. 1886. Eight Months on the Gran Chaco of the Argentine Republic. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington.Google Scholar
Perasso, Jose. 1987. Cronicas de Cacerias Humanas: la tragedia Ayorea. El Lector: Asuncion.Google Scholar
Perez-Diez, A. A. and Salzano, F. M.. 1978. Evolutionary Implications of the Ethnography and Demography of Ayoreo Indians. Journal of Human Evolution 7: 253–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picanerai, Aquino. 2007. De los Dirigentes de la Union de Nativos Ayoreo de Paraguay,” In Parrellada, A., ed., Pueblos Indigenas en Aislamiento Voluntario y Contacto Inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, 234–36.Google Scholar
POJOAJU (Asociación de ONGs del Paraguay). 2010. Caso de Allanamiento de la Oficina de la ONG Iniciativa Amotocodie. Press Release, 3 Dec.Google Scholar
Postero, Nancy. 2006. Now We Are Citizens: Indigenous Politics in Post-Multicultural Bolivia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos, Alcida. 1998. Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Rivas, Alex. 2007. Los Pueblos Indigenas en Aislamiento: Emergencia, Vulnerabilidad y Necesidad de Proteccion. Cultura y Representaciones Sociales 1, 2: 73–90.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. 1989. Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Cultural Analysis. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall. 1993. Goodbye Tristes Tropes: Ethnography in the Context of the Modern World System. Journal of Modern History 65: 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzano, F. M., Pages, F., Neel, J. V., Gershowitz, H., Tanis, R. J., Moreno, R., and Franco, M.. 1978. Unusual Blood Genetic Characteristics among the Ayoreo Indians of Bolivia and Paraguay. Human Biology 50, 2: 121–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Santos, Ricardo Ventura. 2002. Indigenous Peoples, Postcolonial Contexts and Genomic Research in the Late 20th Century: A View from Amazonia (1960–2000). Critique of Anthropology 22, 1: 81–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, Ricardo Ventura and Maio, Marcos Chor. 2004. Race, Genomics, Identities and Politics in Contemporary Brazil. Critique of Anthropology 24, 4: 347–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serageldin, Ismail. 1999. Cultural Heritage as Public Good: Economic Analysis Appplied to Historic Cities. In Kaul, Inge, Grunberg, Isabelle, and Stern, Marc, eds., Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 240–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sieder, Rachel. 2002. Introduction. In Sieder, Rachel, ed., Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoler, Ann Laura. 2002. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann Laura. 2008. Imperial Debris: Reflections on Ruins and Ruination. Cultural Anthropology 23, 2: 191–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swain, Mike. 2010. The Lost Tribe of Green Hell: Cultures Clash in a Battle for the Future of the Planet. Daily Mirror, 31 Dec. At: http://akastg.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/the-lost-tribe-of-green-hell-cultures-272319.Google Scholar
Taussig, Michael. 1987. Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taussig, Michael. 1993. Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1995. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Tsing, Anna. 2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connections. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, Robert, ed. 1978. The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Turner, Terence. 1999. Indigenous and Culturalist Movements in the Contemporary Global Conjuncture. In Del Riego, Francisco F., Portasany, Marcial G., Turner, Terence, Llobera, Josep R., Moreno, Isodoro, and Fernandez, James W., eds., Las identidades y las tensiones culturales de modernidad. Santiago de Compostela: Federacion de Asociaciones de antropologia del Estado Espanol.Google Scholar
Turner, Terence. 2009. The Crisis of Late Structuralism, Perspectivism and Animism: Rethinking Culture, Nature, Spirit, and Bodiliness. Tipiti 7, 1: 3–42.Google Scholar
United Nations Human Rights Council. 2009. Draft Guidelines on the Protection of Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and in Initial Contact of the Amazon Basin and El Chaco. Geneva: United Nations Document.Google Scholar
Vidal, John. 2010a. Natural History Museum Expedition Poses Genocide Threat to Paraguay Tribes. Guardian, 8 Nov. At: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/08/natural-history-museum-paraguay-tribes.Google Scholar
Vidal, John. 2010b. Natural History Museum's Gran Expedition to Arid Chaco Halted. Guardian, 15 Nov. At: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/nov/15/natural-history-museum-chaco-expedition-halted.Google Scholar
Vidal, John. 2010c. Paraguayan Government Raids Offices of NGO Opposing Chaco Research Trip. Guardian 15 Dec. At: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/15/ngo-raided-paraguay-expedition.Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. 2010. Class, Race & Hyperincarceration in Revanchist America. Daedalus 139, 3: 74–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, Kay. 1998. Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
White, Hayden. 1972. Forms of Wildness: Archaeology of an Idea. In Dudley, Edward and Novak, Maximilian, eds., The Wild Man Within. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 3–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Raymond. 1977. Structures of Feeling. In Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 128–35.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, Edwin. 1989. Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University California Press.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar