Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 June 2009
The characteristics of nobilities vary considerably. However, they share the attribute which permits their identification. This quality is deference; and the nobility in any society are those who are deferred to most in most fields. A community without gradations of rank, formal or informal, is virtually inconceivable. Doubtless, the primitive tribe whose distinctions of rank are limited to specific situations and dissolve with them does not have an identifiable nobility. This, however, is best regarded as part of their lack of specialisation. Once division of labour emerges, so also does a nobility. The variable characteristics can be considered as symbols which indicate that their wielder is to receive deference, and which change with changing circumstances. Such characteristics are, for example, birth, rank and title. In studying the nobility of a community our problem is to identify the conditions which are associated with the various characteristics.
1 By analogy of, for example, the study of the action of air upon any given chemical, when it becomes necessary to analyse the chemical constituents of air before reaching a conclusion.
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20 Ibid., Pt. 2, 192.
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49 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 202, 203; Furnivall, op. cit., 37.
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54 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 203.
55 Ibid., 204.
56 Cf. n. 58.
57 Furnivall, op. cit., 34.
58 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 204.
59 Day, op. cit., 67, 68.
60 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 205.
61 Day, op. cit., 110, 111.
62 Ibid., 111.
63 Ibid., 112, 113.
64 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 206.
65 Ibid., Pt. 1, 205.
66 Ibid., 206, 207.
67 Ibid., 208.
68 Furnivall, op. cit., 35.
69 Ibid., 44.
70 Day, op. cit., 110.
71 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 208, 209.
72 Burger, op. cit., 8.
73 Day, op. cit., 116, 117, 124, n. 4.
74 Ibid., 115, 116.
75 Ibid., 125, n. 2.
76 Furnivall, op. cit., 62, 6 3; Day, op. cit., 143.
77 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 211.
78 Ibid., 186, 212; Furnivall, op. cit., 65; Day, op. cit., 156.
79 Ibid., 212.
80 Day, op. cit., 156.
81 Ibid., 156, 158.
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85 Bastin, op. cit., 39.
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87 Furnivall, op. cit., 71.
88 Day, op. cit., 198, 199: Bastin, op. cit., 40.
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90 Furnivall, op. cit., 74.
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95 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 210.
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97 Ibid, 90–91.
98 Day, op. cit., 219 ff
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100 Raffles foresaw this consequence with equanimity. Bastin, op. cit., 45.
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102 Ibid., 106.
103 Ibid., 108.
104 Ibid., 101.
105 Ibid., 102.
106 Ibid., 103.
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109 Ibid., 115,116.
110 Ibid., 123, 124.
111 Ibid., 124.
112 Ibid., 126.
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114 Ibid., 220.
115 Day, op. cit., 298.
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117 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 191.
118 Day, op. cit., 298.
119 Ibid., 302, n. 1. This position seems to have been not uncommon even in the 20th century, long after the Cultivation System had vanished.
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122 Day, op. cit., 301, 302.
123 Furnivall, op. cit., 158.
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127 Where capital works are long in execution, to pay labour may cause an inflation of values. There will not be goods yet available on which the money can be spent. In such circumstances unpaid labour, whether compelled or willing, may be necessary if development is to be undertaken without disrupting the economy.
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129 Ibid., 185, 186.
130 Ibid., 189.
131 Ibid., 193.
132 Schrieke, op. cit., Pt. 1, 192.
133 Furnivall, op. cit., 188.
134 Ibid., 190.
135 Ibid., 191, 192.
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154 Furnivall, op. cit., 252.
155 Ibid., 220.
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161 Ibid., 293,299.
162 Ibid., 297.
163 Ibid., 291, 292.
164 Ibid., 300, 401, 403, 408, 418.
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