¹ See inter alia: Huydecoper (1817), Bowdich (1817), Dupuis (1820), Hutton (1820), Freeman (1839 and 1841–2), Wharton (1846), Winniett (1848): Ramseyer and Kuhne (1869–74) and Bonnat (1870–4) were captives in Kumasi.

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⁵ See Wilks, I., ‘Ashanti Government in the 19th century’ in Forde, D., and Kaberry, P., ed., West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century (1966) for an excellent discussion of this factor.Google Scholar

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⁸ See Wilks (1966) and Tordoff, W., ‘The Ashanti Confederacy’, Journal of African History, 3 (1962) pp. 399–417, for a discussion of this problem.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²⁴ A generation after these events took place two Asante princes called Quantabisa and Ansa were in fact educated in Europe, and Ansa subsequently played a ubiquitous role in Asante politics. Ramseyer and Kühne (1875, passim) thought highly of him.

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