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²⁴ J. A. Burkhart, “The Turner Thesis: A Historian's Controversy”, in Burnette, Wisconsin, 160–73; Wisconsin Magazine of History, 31 (September, 1947), 70–83Google Scholar.

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³⁰ Freund, Rudolf, “Turner's Theory of Social Evolution”, Agricultural History, 19 (April, 1945), 79Google Scholar.

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³⁸ Ibid., 435. Lee Benson in his book, Turner and Beard (Glencoe, 1960)Google Scholar has exorted historians to “subject the frontier thesis to a thorough and most searching re-evaluation” (page 90), although he realized that before a restatement or reappraisal could be made, contradictory elements needed untangling and ambiguities had to be removed (page viii).

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⁴⁴ Wright, op. cit., 40–1.

⁴⁵ Pierson, “The Frontiersman”, 452.

⁴⁶ Ibid., 453.

⁴⁷ George W. Pierson, “American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis in 1941”, I and II, op. cit., 158.

⁴⁸ 48 Ibid.

⁴⁹ Smith, Henry M., Virgin Land, The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge, 1950), 253Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Pierson, “The Frontiersman”, 454.

⁵¹ Turner, The Frontier, 213–14.

⁵² Ibid., 267.

⁵³ Ibid., 268.

⁵⁴ Ibid., 261.

⁵⁵ Ibid., 3.

⁵⁶ Ibid.

⁵⁷ Freund, op. cit., 85.

⁵⁸ Pierson, “The Frontiersman”, 467.

⁵⁹ Turner, The Frontier, 259–60.

⁶⁰ Ibid., 269–70.

⁶¹ Ibid., 270.

⁶² Ibid., 306.

⁶³ Pierson, “The Frontiersman”, 472–76.

⁶⁴ Turner, The Frontier, 206–7.

⁶⁵ Ibid., 169.

⁶⁶ Ibid., 183.

⁶⁷ Ibid., 247.

⁶⁸ Ibid., 210.

⁶⁹ Turner, Frederick J., The Significance of Sections in American History (New York, 1932), 23–24Google Scholar; hereinafter, Turner, Sections.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 24.

⁷¹ Turner, The Frontier, 250.

⁷² Ibid., 257.

⁷³ Ibid., 36.

⁷⁴ Ibid., 212.

⁷⁵ Ibid., 153.

⁷⁶ Ibid., 272.

⁷⁷ Ibid., 37, footnote 54.

⁷⁸ Ibid., 211–12.

⁷⁹ Ibid., 354–5.

⁸⁰ Ibid., 205.

⁸¹ Ibid., 294.

⁸² Ibid., 320.

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⁸⁴ Freud, S., The Interpretation of Dreams (New York, 1913), 222–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Benedek, T., “Personality Development”, in Alexander, F. and Ross, H. (eds.), Dynamic Psychiatry (Chicago, 1952), 63–113Google Scholar.

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⁸⁹ Unconscious communication is the sine qua non of psychoanalytic therapy. To clarify my usage, see S. Freud, Totem and Taboo in Brill, A. A. (ed.), The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud (New York, 1938), 928Google Scholar; Freud deals with the idea of symbol, totem, and taboo formation and states that each individual has an “apparatus” which gives an unconscious understanding of customs and ceremonies. It is this same “apparatus” which allowed the readers of the frontier thesis to unconsciously understand the hidden themes. Freud felt the oedipal theme is universal and is a part of each person's unconscious, thus accounting for the popularity of the Oedipus legend and drama. He interpreted oedipal themes in Macbeth and used this insight to give understanding to Lady Macbeth, in “Some Character Types Met With in Psychoanalytic Work”, Collected Papers, 4 (New York, 1959), 318–44Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ Turner, The Frontier, 259.

⁹¹ Kane, op. cit., 188.

⁹² Benedek, op. cit., 90.

⁹³ Ibid.

⁹⁴ S. Freud, “One of the Difficulties of Psycho-analysis”, Collected Papers, 4, 347–56. In this article, Freud relates that man has suffered three blows to his narcissism; the first of these was a cosmological one when general recognition was given in the theory of Copernicus - man could no longer hold the belief that he was at the center of theuniverse; the second blow was a biological one and was delivered by Darwin - man could no longer hold the belief that he was but a step below the angels, when scientifically he was merely a step above the animals; and the final blow, the psychological one, was given by Freud, when he showed that man's reason and behavior are frequently unconsciously derived. In somewhat the same sense I have used the word omnipotence in order to include the magical thinking of childhood. Roszak, op. cit. alludes t o a less healthy version of this when he mentions “historians who dote on the vicarious power they derive from dealing so thickly in the affairs of the mighty”.

⁹⁵ See, Freud, S., The Ego and the Id (London, 1950)Google Scholar; Edoardo Weiss, “History of Metapsychological Concepts”, in Alexander and Rose, op. cit., 40–62.

⁹⁶ Turner, The Frontier, 179.

⁹⁷ Ibid., 153.

⁹⁸ Wish, op. cit., 191. Wish notes these as the most quoted sentences.

⁹⁹ Turner, The Frontier, 12.

¹⁰⁰ I have already cited Craven, Becker, Jacobs and Curti; also see, Dale, Edward E., “Memories of Frederick Jackson Turner”, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXX (1943), 339–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰² Curti, “The Sections and the Frontier in American History”, op. cit., 358.

¹⁰³ Turner, The Frontier, 1; see footnote 1.

¹⁰⁴ Mood, “Turner's Formative Period”, op. cit., 35. Mood deduces this from Turner's statement to Curti that, “A man does not make a fundamental discovery or effect a profound alteration in science after he is thirty.”

¹⁰⁵ Ibid., 5.

¹⁰⁶ Mood, “The Development of Frederick Jackson Turner as a Historical Thinker”, op. cit., 327.

¹⁰⁷ Curti, “Frederick Jackson Turner”, op. cit., 183–4.

¹⁰⁸ Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. I (New York, 1928), 211Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ Curti, “Frederick Jackson Turner”, op. cit., 181.

¹¹⁰ Mood, “Turner's Formative Period”, op. cit., 9.

¹¹¹ Ibid.

¹¹² Dictionary of American Biography, I, op cit., 211.

¹¹³ Mood, “Turner's Formative Period”, op. cit., 10.

¹¹⁴ Ibid., 13.

¹¹⁵ Ibid., 26.

¹¹⁶ Ibid., 25.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., 27.

¹¹⁸ Mood, “The Development of Frederick Jackson Turner as a Historical Thinker”, op. cit., 285.

¹¹⁹ Ibid. Also, Berthrong, Donald J., “Andrew Jackson Turner ‘Work Horse’ of the Republican Party”, Wisconsin Magazine of History, 38 (1954–55), 86Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Freud, S., “The Economic Problem in Masochism”, Collected Papers, 2 (New York, 1959), 255–68Google Scholar; for a concise discussion of guilt see pages 263–6.

¹²¹ Mood, “The Development of Frederick Jackson Turner as a Historical Thinker”, op. cit., 282.

¹²² Dictionary of American Biography, op. cit., 211.

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¹²⁵ Berthong, op. cit., 79.

¹²⁶ Feldman, op. cit., 35–6.

¹²⁷ This paper, 367–69.

¹²⁸ Benson, op. cit., 90.

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¹³⁵ Philips, op. cit., 22 (italics mine).

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¹⁴² Ibid., 20–1.

¹⁴³ Ibid.(italics mine).

¹⁴⁴ Phillips, op. cit., 22.

¹⁴⁵ Ibid.

¹⁴⁶ Ibid.

¹⁴⁷ Turner, The Frontier, 211.

¹⁴⁸ Freud, “Some Character-Types Met with in Psychoanalytic Work”, op. cit., 323–41.

¹⁴⁹ Ibid., 341.

¹⁵⁰ Billington, op. cit., 20–1, 27.