The intifada, or uprising, that began in the Occupied Territories in December 1987 and ended about four years later was a watershed in that it profoundly transformed the rules of the game for Palestinian politics locally, regionally, and internationally. Glenn E. Robinson's Building a Palestinian State: The Incomplete Revolution (Bloomington: Indiana University Press) discusses the precedents, processes, and aftermath of the intifada by focusing on the role of elites in this trajectory. The book is structured around three questions: First, what compels aggrieved individuals to turn to sustained collective action? In the Palestinian context, the author argues that this became possible only when national leadership in the territories was transferred, beginning in the late 1970s, from a class of politically accommodating, wealthy, conservative, urban, landowning elites to a younger generation of more radical, university- educated, lower-middle class and middle-class village, refugee camp, and urban residents who sought social as well as political transformation. As a number of other scholars have argued, this leadership transfer was facilitated by Israeli land confiscations and restrictions on land and water use, the concomitant rise of a migrant wage-labor force largely dependent on manual work in Israel, and the expansion of Palestinian universities after the 1967 Israeli occupation of the territories. Robinson argues that these universities were particularly important for the rise of the counter-elite because their student bodies largely came from the non- and small-landowning residents of villages, towns, and refugee camps (the children, particularly male, of the wealthy were more likely to be educated abroad).