Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T21:07:57.122Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Efficacy, Truth, and Silence: Language Ideologies in Fijian Christian Conversions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Matt Tomlinson
Matt Tomlinson
Affiliation:
Anthropology, School of Political & Social Inquiry, Monash University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 51 , Issue 1 , January 2009 , pp. 64 - 90
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Akin, David. 1996. Local and Foreign Spirits in Kwaio, Solomon Islands. In, Mageo, J. M. and Howard, A., eds., Spirits in Culture, History, and Mind. New York: Routledge, 147–71.Google Scholar
Akin, David. 2004. Ancestral Vigilance and the Corrective Conscience: Kastom as Culture in a Melanesian Society. Anthropological Theory 4, 3: 299–324.Google Scholar
Akin, David. N.d. Malaitan Kastom. Book MS in preparation.Google Scholar
Arno, Andrew. 1990. Disentangling Indirectly: The Joking Debate in Fijian Social Control. In, Watson-Gegeo, K. A. and White, G. M., eds., Disentangling: Conflict Discourse in Pacific Societies. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 241–89.Google Scholar
Arno, Andrew. 1993. The World of Talk on a Fijian Island: An Ethnography of Law and Communicative Causation. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.Google Scholar
Arno, Andrew. 2005. Cobo and Tabua in Fiji: Two Forms of Cultural Currency in an Economy of Sentiment. American Ethnologist 32, 1: 46–62.Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. 2d ed.Urmson, J. O. andSbisà, M., eds. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ayling, Stanley. 1979. John Wesley. London: William Collins Sons.Google Scholar
Basso, Keith H. 1970. “To Give Up on Words”: Silence in Western Apache Culture. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 26, 3: 213–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauman, Richard. 1983. Let Your Words Be Few: Symbolism of Speaking and Silence among Seventeenth-Century Quakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Busby, Cecelia. 2006. Renewable Icons: Concepts of Religious Power in a Fishing Village in South India. In, Cannell, F., ed., The Anthropology of Christianity. Durham: Duke University Press, 77–98.Google Scholar
Calvert, James. 1985. Fiji and the Fijians. Vol. 2. Rowe, G. S., ed. Suva: Fiji Museum.Google Scholar
Cargill, David. 1839–1840. Journal. Methodist Overseas Mission Collection, CY Reel 344, Mitchell Library, Sydney.Google Scholar
Cargill, David. 1977. The Diaries and Correspondence of David Cargill, 1832–1843. Schütz, A. J., ed. Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar
Codrington, R. H. 1957. The Melanesians: Studies in Their Anthropology and Folk-Lore. New Haven: HRAF Press.Google Scholar
Coleman, Simon. 2006. When Silence Isn't Golden: Charismatic Speech and the Limits of Literalism. In, Engelke, M. andTomlinson, M., eds., The Limits of Meaning: Case Studies in the Anthropology of Christianity. New York: Berghahn Books, 39–61.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution, Volume 1: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John. 1997. Of Revelation and Revolution, Volume 2: The Dialectics of Modernity on a South African Frontier. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crapanzano, Vincent. 2000. Serving the Word: Literalism in America from the Pulpit to the Bench. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Deane, W. 1921. Fijian Society: Or the Sociology and Psychology of the Fijians. London: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. 1988. A Grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dureau, Christine. 2001. Recounting and Remembering “First Contact” on Simbo. In, Mageo, J. M., ed., Cultural Memory: Reconfiguring History and Identity in the Postcolonial Pacific. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 130–62.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1965. Theories of Primitive Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Firth, Raymond. 1940. The Analysis of Mana: An Empirical Approach. Journal of the Polynesian Society 49: 483–510.Google Scholar
Fison, Lorimer. 1882. On Fijian Riddles. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 11, 4: 405–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal, Susan. 1991. Between Speech and Silence: The Problematics of Research on Language and Gender. In, diLeonardo, M., ed., Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era. Berkeley: University of California Press, 175–203.Google Scholar
Gewertz, Deborah B. and Errington, Frederick. 1991. Twisted Histories, Altered Contexts: Representing the Chambri in a World System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gunson, Niel. 1962. An Account of the Mamaia or Visionary Heresy of Tahiti, 1826–1841. Journal of the Polynesian Society 71, 2: 209–43.Google Scholar
Harding, Susan Friend. 2000. The Book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist Language and Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashimoto, Kazuya. 1989. Fijian Christianization: A Multidimensional Approach to Third-World Christianity. Man and Culture in Oceania 5: 1–19.Google Scholar
Hazlewood, David. 1850. A Feejeean and English Dictionary. Vewa [Viwa], Fiji: Wesleyan Mission Press.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1993. World Building and the Rationality of Conversion. In, Hefner, R. W., ed., Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 3–46.Google Scholar
Heitzenrater, Richard P. 1984. The Elusive Mr. Wesley: John Wesley His Own Biographer. Vol. 1. Nashville: Abingdon Press.Google Scholar
Hocart, A. M. 1912. On the Meaning of Kalou and the Origin of Fijian Temples. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 42: 437–49.Google Scholar
Hocart, A. M. 1914. Mana. Man 14: 97–101.Google Scholar
Hocart, A. M. 1922. Mana Again. Man 22: 139–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolly, Margaret. 1996. Devils, Holy Spirits, and the Swollen God: Translation, Conversion and Colonial Power in the Marist Mission, Vanuatu, 1887–1934. In, van der Veer, P., ed., Conversion to Modernities: The Globalization of Christianity. New York: Routledge, 231–62.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, Dan. 2005. Third Wave Evangelism and the Politics of the Global in Papua New Guinea: Spiritual Warfare and the Recreation of Place in Telefolmin. Oceania 75, 4: 444–61.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Martha. 1995. Neither Cargo nor Cult: Ritual Politics and the Colonial Imagination in Fiji. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kasuga, Naoki. 2007. Okure no Shiko: Posuto-Kindai wo Ikiru. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppannkyoku.Google Scholar
Keane, Webb. 2002. Sincerity, “Modernity,” and the Protestants. Cultural Anthropology 17, 1: 65–92.Google Scholar
Keane, Webb. 2007. Christian Moderns: Freedom and Fetish in the Mission Encounter. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Keesing, Roger M. 1984. Rethinking Mana. Journal of Anthropological Research 40, 1: 137–56.Google Scholar
Keesing, Roger M. 1985. Conventional Metaphors and Anthropological Metaphysics: The Problematic of Cultural Translation. Journal of Anthropological Research 41, 2: 201–17.Google Scholar
Keesing-Styles, Esther, and Keesing-Styles, William, eds. 1988. Unto the Perfect Day: The Journal of Thomas James Jaggar, Feejee, 1838–1845. Auckland: Solent Publishing.Google Scholar
Keller, Eva. 2005. The Road to Clarity: Seventh-Day Adventism in Madagascar. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kelly, John D. and Kaplan, Martha. 1990. History, Structure, and Ritual. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 119–50.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1987. Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss. Baker, F., trans. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Luhrmann, Tanya M. 2004. Metakinesis: How God Becomes Intimate in Contemporary U.S. Christianity. American Anthropologist 106, 3: 518–28.Google Scholar
Lyth, Mary Anne. 1843. Letter to “Mrs John Jackson,” from Somosomo. In, Letters Home from Richard Burdsall Lyth and Mary Ann Lyth, 1829–1856, letter no. 47, dated 8 May. MS Papers 3198, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.Google Scholar
Lyth, Richard Burdsall. 1842. Letter to his mother, from Somosomo. In, Letters Home from Richard Burdsall Lyth and Mary Ann Lyth, 1829–1856, letter no. 42, 10 June. MS Papers 3198, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.Google Scholar
Lyth, Richard Burdsall. 1843. Letter to his father, from Somosomo. In, Letters Home from Richard Burdsall Lyth and Mary Ann Lyth, 1829–1856, letter no. 48, 31 May. MS Papers 3198, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.Google Scholar
Lyth, Richard Burdsall. 1848. Letter to his sister Mary, from Viwa, 12 Nov. Methodist Overseas Mission Collection, CY Reel 108, Mitchell Library, Sydney.Google Scholar
Lyth, Richard Burdsall. 1848–1850: Journal, 7 Sept. 1848–20 Feb. 1850. Methodist Overseas Mission Collection, CY Reel 206, Mitchell Library, Sydney.Google Scholar
Lyth, Richard Burdsall. 1852. Letter to his father and mother, from Lakeba. In Letters Home from Richard Burdsall Lyth and Mary Ann Lyth, 1829–1856, letter no. 75, 27 July. MS Papers 3198, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.Google Scholar
Miyazaki, Hirokazu. 2000. Faith and Its Fulfillment: Agency, Exchange, and the Fijian Aesthetics of Completion. American Ethnologist 27, 1: 31–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyazaki, Hirokazu. 2004. The Method of Hope: Anthropology, Philosophy, and Fijian Knowledge. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Nacagilevu, Ratu Mekemeke. 1996. Yale kei Naikorokoro, Kadavu. In, Thornley, A. and Vulaono, T., eds., Mai Kea ki Vei?: Stories of Methodism in Fiji and Rotuma, 1835–1995. Suva: Methodist Church in Fiji and Rotuma, 266–67.Google Scholar
Nayacakalou, R. R. 1961. Traditional Authority and Religious Sanctions in Fiji. Unpublished seminar paper delivered at the London School of Economics, 3 Nov. Typescript at Pacific Collection, Hamilton Library, University of Hawai`i at Manoa.Google Scholar
Purcell, William. 1957. Onward Christian Soldier: A Life of Sabine Baring-Gould, Parson, Squire, Novelist, Antiquary, 1834–1924. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Qereti, Paula et al. , N.d. Na Ivolavosa Vakaviti [monolingual Fijian dictionary]. Computer files.Google Scholar
Quain, Buell. 1948. Fijian Village. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rafael, Vicente L. 1988. Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Raibevu, Jo. 1998. Na Yaqona ni Toga e Sega ni Yaqona Dina. Volasiga, 2 Nov.: 11.Google Scholar
Robbins, Joel. 2001. God Is Nothing but Talk: Modernity, Language, and Prayer in a Papua New Guinea Society. American Anthropologist 103, 4: 901–12.Google Scholar
Robbins, Joel. 2004. Becoming Sinners: Christianity and Moral Torment in a Papua New Guinea Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Michelle Z. 1982. The Things We Do with Words: Ilongot Speech Acts and Speech Act Theory in Philosophy. Language in Society 11, 2: 203–37.Google Scholar
Royce, James S. H. 1855–1862. Diary. Microfilm MS499, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.Google Scholar
Royce, James S. H. 1859. Kadavu Circuit Report. Methodist Missionary Society of Australia Collection, National Archives of Fiji.Google Scholar
Royce, James S. H., and Baird, C. J.. 1861. Kadavu Circuit Report. Methodist Missionary Society of Australia Collection, National Archives of Fiji.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall D. 1962. Moala: Culture and Nature on a Fijian Island. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall D. 1985. Islands of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall D. 1991. The Return of the Event, Again; With Reflections on the Beginnings of the Great Fijian War of 1843 to 1855 between the Kingdoms of Bau and Rewa. In, Biersack, A., ed., Clio in Oceania: Toward a Historical Anthropology. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 37–99.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall D. 2004. Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as Culture and Vice Versa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Saville-Troike, Muriel. 1985. The Place of Silence in an Integrated Theory of Communication. In, Tannen, D. and Saville-Troike, M., eds., Perspectives on Silence. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 3–18.Google Scholar
Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2000. Introducing Kaluli Literacy: A Chronology of Influences. In, Kroskrity, P. V., ed., Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities. Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research Press, 293–327.Google Scholar
Seruvakula, Semi B. 2000. Bula Vakavanua. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.Google Scholar
Shore, Bradd. 1989. Mana and Tapu. In, Howard, A. andBorofsky, R., eds., Developments in Polynesian Ethnology. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 137–73.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1979. Language Structure and Linguistic Ideology. In, Clyne, P. R.Hanks, W. F., andHofbauer, C. L., eds., The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 193–247.Google Scholar
Stromberg, Peter G. 1993. Language and Self-Transformation: A Study of the Christian Conversion Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sutherland, William. 1911. Kadavu Provincial Council Meeting Report. Kadavu Provincial Council Book 1905–1913: 174–197. National Archives of Fiji.Google Scholar
Tannen, Deborah and Saville-Troike, Muriel, eds. 1985. Perspectives on Silence. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. 1991. The Making of the English Working Class. Rev. ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Thornley, Andrew. 1979. Fijian Methodism, 1874–1945: The Emergence of a National Church. Ph.D. diss., Australian National University.Google Scholar
Thornley, Andrew. 2000. The Inheritance of Hope: John Hunt, Apostle of Fiji. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.Google Scholar
Thornley, Andrew. 2002. Exodus of the I Taukei: The Wesleyan Church in Fiji: 1848–74. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.Google Scholar
Thornley, Andrew. 2005. A Shaking of the Land: William Cross and the Origins of Christianity in Fiji. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.Google Scholar
Thornley, Andrew, and Vulaono, Tauga, eds. 1996. Mai Kea ki Vei?: Stories of Methodism in Fiji and Rotuma. Suva: Methodist Church in Fiji and Rotuma.Google Scholar
Tippett, A. R. 1944. The Snake in Early Fijian Belief (with Special Reference to the Cult which Survived until Recently at Naikorokoro, Kadavu). Transactions and Proceedings of the Fiji Society 2: 279–96.Google Scholar
Tippett, A. R. 1954a. The Christian (Fiji 1835–67). Auckland: Institute Printing and Publishing Society, Ltd.Google Scholar
Tippett, A. R. 1954b. The Nature and Social Function of Fijian War. In Anthropological Writing—Fiji, 1944–1963, 65–98. Unpublished MS, Tippett Collection, St. Mark's National Theological Centre Library, Canberra. [Abbreviated version published in Transactions and Proceedings of the Fiji Society, 5: 137–55.]Google Scholar
Tippett, A. R. 1967. The Dynamics of Church-Planting in Fiji. Unpublished MS, Tippett Collection, St. Mark's National Theological Centre Library, Canberra.Google Scholar
Tippett, A. R. 1976. The Role of the Fijian Herald in Negotiations between Persons and Parties at Different Status Levels. In Research and Writing: Sept. 1974–Apr. 1976, pp. 135–77. Unpublished MS, Tippett Collection, St. Mark's National Theological Centre Library, Canberra.Google Scholar
Tippett, A. R. 1977. The Deep Sea Canoe: The Story of Third World Missionaries in the South Pacific. South Pasadena: William Carey Library.Google Scholar
Tippett, A. R. 1988. No Continuing City. Unpublished MS in the Tippett Collection, St. Mark's National Theological Centre Library, Canberra.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, Matt. 2004. Ritual, Risk and Danger: Chain Prayers in Fiji. American Anthropologist 106, 1: 6–16.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, Matt. 2006. Retheorizing Mana: Bible Translation and Discourse of Loss in Fiji. Oceania 76, 2: 173–85.Google Scholar
Toren, Christina. 1990. Making Sense of Hierarchy: Cognition as Social Process in Fiji. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Toren, Christina. 1999. Mind, Materiality, and History: Explorations in Fijian Ethnography. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Turner, James W. 1987. Blessed to Give and to Receive: Ceremonial Exchange in Fiji. Ethnology 26, 3: 209–19.Google Scholar
Tuwere, Ilaitia S. 1992. Making Sense of Vanua (Land) in the Fijian Context: A Theological Exploration. Ph.D. thesis, Melbourne College of Divinity.Google Scholar
Tuwere, Ilaitia S. 2002. Vanua: Towards a Fijian Theology of Place. Suva and Auckland: Institute of Pacific Studies at the University of the South Pacific and College of St. John the Evangelist.Google Scholar
Tuzin, Donald. 1997. The Cassowary's Revenge: The Life and Death of Masculinity in a New Guinea Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, John. 1841. Journal of Mr. Waterhouse's Voyage to the Polynesian Islands, and Return to Hobart-Town. Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine 20 (3d Ser.) (May): 420–40.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, Joseph. 1997. The King and People of Fiji. Auckland: Pasifika Press.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, Joseph. N.d. History of Fiji. Unpublished MS, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.Google Scholar
Wesley, Charles. 1756. The Cause and Cure of Earthquakes: A Sermon Preach'd from Psalm xlvi.8. Occasioned by the Earthquake on March 8, 1750. 2d ed.London: n.p. Accessed through “Eighteenth Century Collections Online,” galenet.galegroup.com, 30 Oct. 2007.Google Scholar
Wesley, John. 1906. The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley, A.M. Vol. 3. London: J. M. Dent.Google Scholar
White, Geoffrey. 1991. Identity Through History: Living Stories in a Solomon Islands Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Thomas. 1982. Fiji and the Fijians. Vol. 1. Rowe, G. S., ed. Suva: Fiji Museum.Google Scholar
Wood, A. Harold. 1978. Overseas Missions of the Australian Methodist Church, Volume II: Fiji. Melbourne: Aldersgate Press.Google Scholar
Young, Michael W. 1997. Commemorating Missionary Heroes: Local Christianity and Narratives of Nationalism. In, Otto, T. andThomas, N., eds., Narratives of Nation in the South Pacific. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 91–132.Google Scholar