I am deeply grateful to Gary Hamilton for his generous comments on an earlier version of this paper. My thanks also go to John Walton, who provided several critical insights.

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⁸ Ibid., 36.

⁹ Ibid., 34.

¹⁰ As Alejandro Portes and Walton, John point out, “for immigrants to be useful to an expanding capitalist economy, the situation had to be arranged so that the means they initially received would not be sufficient for their survival” (Labor, Class and the International System (New York, 1981), 52).Google Scholar

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