This study is part of a project which was generously supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the American Philosophical Society.

¹ The first Maiakovskii quotation is from his “Ran‘she: Teper’,” the second from “Amerikantsy udivliaiutsia.” They appear in Maiakovskii, Vladimi, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow, 1955–1958), II, 98,Google Scholar and X, 89-90, respectively. Translation of the first is by the author. The translation of the second is by Guerney, B. G. and is taken from his An Anthology of Russian Literature (New York, 1960), 40.Google Scholar

² Kaltenborn, H. V., We Look at the World (New York, 1930), 117Google Scholar; McCormick, Anne O'Hare, The Hammer and the Sickle (New York, 1928), 26.Google Scholar Other examples are to be found in Barghoorn, Frederick C., The Soviet Image of the United States (New York, 1950), 28–33Google Scholar; Lyons, Eugene, Assignment in Utopia (New York, 1937)Google Scholar; Strong, Anna Louise, The First Time in History (New York, 1924)Google Scholar; Thompson, Dorothy, The New Russia (New York, 1928).Google Scholar

³ Hindus, Maurice, Humanity Uprooted (New York, 1929), 355–69Google Scholar; idem.Broken Earth (New York, 1931), 29, 107, 106Google ScholarPubMed; Duranty, Walter, “Talk of Ford Favors Thrills Moscow,” New York Times, 17 02 1928, p. 7Google Scholar; idem, Duranty Reports (New York, 1934), 19, 246Google Scholar; Dreiser, Theodore, Dreiser Looks at Russia (New York, 1928), 76, 52.Google Scholar

⁴ Dreiser, , Dreiser Looks at RussiaGoogle Scholar; Hindus, , Humanity Uprooted, 355Google Scholar. Henry Ford's 1922 autobiography, My Life and Work (translated as Moia zhizn', moi dostizheniia), had four Russian editions in 1924 alone; an eighth appeared in Leningrad in 1927. His Today and Tomorrow, published in 1926, had at least three Russian editions. The third, published in Leningrad in 1928 under the title Segodnia i zavtra, carried a preface by D. I. Zaslavskii which was designed to counter the infatuation with Ford of which the book at hand was an example. Also see Ledenev, S. G., Preface, Za stankom u Forda (Moscow, 1927)Google Scholar; and Ermanskii, O. E., Legenda o Forde (n.p., n.d.).Google Scholar For other warnings against the excesses of Americanism, see note 74 below.

⁵ Pogodin, N. F., Temp (1929),Google Scholar in Sobranie dramaticheskikh proizvedenii (Moscow, 1960), I, 27–102.Google Scholar Quotations: I, 46, 77–78. The engineer in the play was patterned after the American engineer John Calder. See the article by Kendall E. Bailes in this issue.

⁶ II'ia Ehrenburg's Trest D.E. was originally published in Russian in Berlin in 1923. The novel 10 L.S. was written in 1929 and first appeared in the Soviet Union in the journal Krasnaia Nov' in September and October of that year. Soviet editions of Ehrenburg's works accessible to me do not contain the passages cited. They are taken from German versions of the two novels; Trust D.E. (Berlin, 1925), 94Google ScholarPubMed; Das Leben der Autos (Berlin, 1930), 262–75.Google Scholar

⁷ Lenin, V. I., Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th ed., (Moscow, 1958–1965), XXXIV, 198Google Scholar; idem, Leninskii sbornik (Moscow, 1959), XXXVI, 37–38Google Scholar; Bukharin, N. I., Proletarskaia revoliutsiia i kul'tura (Petrograd, 1923), 48.Google Scholar

⁸ Stalin, I. V., Sochineniia (Moscow, 1947), VI, 186–88Google Scholar; idem, Problems of Leninism (Moscow, 1954), 109–111.Google ScholarPubMed

⁹ Stalin, , Problems of Leninism, 111Google Scholar; Sochineniia, idem, VI, 188.

¹⁰ Trotskii, L. D., “K voprosu o perspektivakh mirovogo razvitiia,” Izvestiia, 5 08 1924, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar

¹¹ Erro, Imogen, “‘Catching Up and Outstripping’: An Appraisal,” Problems of Communism, 10:3 (05–06 1961), 24–25Google Scholar; Schwartz, Morton, The Foreign Policy of the USSR: Domestic Factors (Encino, California, 1975), 84–85.Google Scholar

¹² I have given a very brief review of Russian attitudes towards the United States in “America in the Russian Mind—or Russian Discoveries of America,” Pacific Historical Review, 47:1 (02 1978), 27–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and a lengthier one, with a focus on the middle third of the nineteenth century and the American Civil War, in “Russia,” in Heard Round the World, Hyman, Harold, ed. (New York, 1969), 172–256.Google Scholar The following deal with the question of perceptions and/or influences in a variety of ways, but do not examine “Americanism” and its use as an ideology of industrialization: Boden, Dieter, Das Amerikabild im russischen Schrifttum bis zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts (Hamburg, 1968)Google Scholar; Hecht, David, Russian Radicals Look to America (Cambridge, Mass., 1947)Google Scholar; Laserson, Max M., The American Impact on Russia, 1784–1917: Diplomatic and Ideological (New York, 1962).Google Scholar The fact that America is not mentioned at all in Treadgold's, Donald W.The West in Russia and China, Vol. I of Russia, 1472–1917 (Cambridge, 1973),Google Scholar is a more accurate reflection of the extent of American influence on Russian thought than the claims made by Laserson, and it points up at the same time that the aspect of the Western presence with which I am concerned has not been studied.

¹³ Gerschenkron, Alexander, “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective,” in The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas, Hoselitz, B. F., ed. (Chicago, 1952), 3–39. Quotations: 23, 25.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Gerschenkron, , “Economic Backwardness”;Google Scholaridem, “Problems and Patterns of Russian Economic Development,” in The Transformation of Russian Society, Black, Cyril, ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ See Kindersley, Richard, The First Russian Revisionists (Oxford, 1962), 29–67.Google Scholar Cf. Pipes, Richard, Struve. Liberal on the Left, 1870–1905 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 52–64, 111–13Google Scholar; Mendel, Arthur P., Dilemmas of Progress in Tsarist Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 139ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁶ Dostoevskii, F. M., Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v tridtsati tomakh (Leningrad, 1972- ), XI, 233Google Scholar; Hecht, David, “Mikhailovskij and the United States,” Harvard Slavic Studies, 4 (1957), 268Google Scholar; Markov, Vladimir, Russian Futurism (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968), 185.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Savich, O. and Ehrenburg, I., My i oni: Frantsiia (Berlin, 1931)Google Scholar; Reutern, M. Kh., “Vliianie ekonomicheskago kharaktera naroda na obrazovanie kapitalov,” Morskoi sbornik, 46:5 (04 1860), 59.Google Scholar

¹⁹ The poet Alexander Pushkin, writing in 1834, provided an early example of the horror English industrialism could inspire: “Read the complaints of the English factory workers; your hair will stand on end. How much repulsive oppression, incomprehensible sufferings! What cold barbarism on the one hand, and what appalling poverty on the other. You will think that we are speaking of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids, of Jews working under Egyptian lashes. Not at all: We are talking about the textiles of Mr. Smith or the needles of Mr. Jackson. And note that all this are not abuses, not crimes, but occurrences which take place within the strict limits of legality. It seems there is no creature in the world more unfortunate than the English worker.” Pushkin, A. S., Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v desiati tomakh (Moscow-Leningrad, 1949), VII, 289–90Google Scholar, as cited in Pipes, Richard, Russia under the Old Regime (London, 1974), 149.Google Scholar

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²¹ Fisher, R. B., “American Investment in Pre-Soviet Russia,” American Slavic and East European Review, 8:2 (02 1949), 90–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gulishambarov, S. O., Sravnitel'naia statislika Rossii v mirovom khoziaistve… 1881–1894 (Saint Petersburg, 1905), 60–62, 68,Google ScholarKirchner, Walther, Studies in Russian-American Commerce (Leiden, 1975), 55, 139, 224Google Scholar; Kohlenberg, Gilbert C., “Russian-American Economic Relations, 1905–1917” (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, 1951).Google Scholar

²² Cited in Boden, , Amerikabild, 46Google Scholar. Cf. Bolkhovitinov's, N. N.Rossiia i voina SShA za nezavisimost' (Moscow, 1976), 105–131Google Scholar and his Stanovlenie russko-amerikanskikh otnoshenii (Moscow, 1966), 240ff.Google Scholar For a popular biography by an author who also wrote on Fulton, see Abramov, la. V., Veniamin Franklin i ego vremia (Saint Petersburg, 1891).Google Scholar

²³ P. P. Svin'in published four articles about the United States between 1814 and 1829, and two editions of a book which reproduced the contents of the first two articles: Opyt zhivopisnago puteshestviia po Severnoi Amerike (Saint Petersburg, 1815, 1818), 81–108.Google Scholar References here are to an English version prepared by Yarmolinsky, Avrahm, Picturesque United States of America, 1811, 1812, 1813: Being a Memoir on Paul Svinin (New York, 1930), 7–10, 14–16.Google Scholar Cf. Boden, , Amerikabild, 53–72Google Scholar, and Kiparsky, Valentin, English and American Characters in Russian Fiction (Berlin, 1964), 134.Google Scholar

²⁴ Virginskii, V. S., Robert Ful'ton (Moscow, 1965), 209, 214–51Google Scholar; Bolkhovitinov, , Stanovlenie, 564.Google Scholar

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²⁹ Seymour, Thomas Hart, Dispatch No. 7 of 19 August 1854.Google Scholar National Archives, Washington, D.C., Dispatches from U.S. Ministers to Russia, 1808–1906, Micro-copy no. M-35, Roll no. 16.

³⁰ Lakier, A. B., Puteshestvie po Severo-Amerikanskim Shtatam, Kanade i ostrovu Kube, 2 vols. (Saint Petersburg, 1859), II, 399.Google Scholar Parts of the book first appeared as articles. A one-volume English translation is now available: Schrier, Arnold and Story, Joyce, A Russian Looks at America. The Journey of Aleksandr Borisovich Lakier in 1857 (Chicago, 1979).Google Scholar

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³² Ibid., 11,121.

³³ Ibid., 11,153, 140; I, 245–47.

³⁴ Golovachov, A., “Sovremennaia letopis',” Russkii vestnik, 26:3 (03 1860), 129Google Scholar; Ushinskii, K. D., Sobranie pedagogicheskikh sochinenii (Saint Petersburg, 1875)Google Scholar contains two articles on American education first published in 1858; Chadwick, James R., “The Study and Practice of Medicine by Women,” International Review (10 1879), 451.Google Scholar I am grateful to Jeanette E. Tuve for supplying the latter reference.

³⁵ Armytage, W. H. G., The Rise of the Technocrats (London and Toronto, 1965), 161.Google Scholar On Reutern, see his own “Vliianie ekonomicheskago,” 59–66Google Scholar; and Kipp, Jacob W., “M. Kh. Reutern on the Russian State and Economy,” Journal of Modern History, 47:3 (09 1975), 437–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarBunge, N. Kh., “Politiko-ekonomicheskoe obozrenie 1855–1857 godov,” Otechestvennye zapiski, 117:4 (04 1858), 371–408.Google ScholarSolov'eva, A. M., Zheleznodorozhnyi transport vo vtoroi polovine XIX veka (Moscow, 1975), 88–89.Google Scholar For Khilkov, see Laserson, , American Impact on Russia, 471Google Scholar; and von Laue, Theodor, Sergei Wine and the Industrialization of Russia (New York, 1963), 79.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ A graduate in mathematics of Moscow University, E. R. Tsimmerman made his first American trip in 1857–58, a second in 1869–70, and a third in 1884. He published numerous articles on his travels, two books, and a study of American agriculture: Puteshestvie po Amerike v 1869–1870 g. (Moscow, 1872)Google Scholar; Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoi Ameriki; iz puteshestvii 1857–58 i 1869–70 godov (Moscow, 1873)Google Scholar; Ocherki amerikanskogo sel's-kogo khoziaistva (Moscow, 1897).Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Idem, Puteshestvie, 79–80,Google Scholar 422. Cf. Soedinennye Shtaty, I, 62–63, 127, 171, 180.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Idem, “Votchinny zakon v Amerike i nashi stepi,” Otechestvennye zapiski, 234:9 (09 1877), 109–66.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Ibid., 129.

⁴⁷ Tsimmerman, E. R., “Ot Tikhago okeana do Atlanticheskago,” Russkaia Mysl', no. 3 (03 1885), 223Google Scholar; idem, Ocherki, 116–20.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ A one-volume selection of Mendeleev's writings, Problemy ekonomicheskogo razvitiia Rossii (Moscow, 1960)Google Scholar, includes the speech, but it omits the appeal to the tsar, which I have taken from Berlin, P. A., Russkaia burzhuaziia v staroe i novoe vremia (Moscow, 1922), 123,Google Scholar quoting from an earlier text.

⁵⁰ Mendeleev, D. I., Neftianaia promyshlennost' v Severo-Amerikanskom Shtate Pensilvanii i na Kavkaze (Saint Petersburg, 1877), xiii-xiv, 62ff.Google Scholar; idem, Raboty po sel'skomu khoziaistvu i lesovodstvu (Moscow, 1954), 541Google Scholar; idem, Sochineniia (Leningrad, 1937–1952), XX, 501.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Tverskoi, P. A., Ocherki Servero-Amerikanskikh Soedinennykh Shtatov (Saint Petersburg, 1895).Google Scholar The book was first serialized in the monthly Vestnik Evropy for which Tverskoi continued to report on American affairs in later years. Maksim Gorkii, who was familiar with Tverskoi's articles, said of him, “What idiots all these Tverskiis and similar Russian writers about America are!” Rougle, Charles, Three Russians Consider America (Stockholm, 1977), 25.Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ Ozerov, I. Kh., Itogi ekonomicheskago razvitiia XIX veka (Saint Petersburg, 1902), 74ff.Google Scholar A second edition appeared under the title Kuda my idem (Saint Petersburg, 1911).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Idem, Otchego Amerika idet tak bystro vpered? (Moscow, 1903).Google Scholar Also see Ozerov's lz zhizni truda (Moscow, 1904), 269–93;Google ScholarNa temy dnia (Moscow, 1912), 44–57Google Scholar; and his preface to the Russian translation of Sombart's, WernerDie Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben: Evrei i khoziaistvennaia zhizn' (Saint Petersburg, 1912).Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ Ozerov, , Chemu uchit nas Amerika? (Moscow, 1908), 19Google Scholar; idem, “My i Amerika,” in his Novaia Rossiia (Petrograd, 1916), 73–87.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ Rougle, , Three Russians, 74–75Google Scholar; Vol'skii, N. V. (N. Valentinov) Dva goda s simvolistami (Stanford, 1969), 232–34.Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ Borodin, , Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty, 312–13.Google Scholar See Schuman, F. F., American Policy Toward Russia since 1917 (New York, 1928), 45,Google Scholar for the Lvov quotation. Also see Ganelin, R. S., Rossiia i SShA. Ocherki istorii russko-amerikanskikh otnoshenii (Leningrad, 1969), 23–29Google Scholar; Seleznev, G. K., Ten' dollara nad Rossiei (Moscow, 1957), 15–20.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ Zelinskii, Kornelii, “Sotsialisticheskii biznes,” in Biznes. Sbornik literaturnogo tsentra konstruktivistov, Zelinskii, K. and Sel'vinskii, I., eds. (Moscow, 1929), 50–64Google Scholar; Fuelop-Miller, René, Geist und Gesicht des Bolschewismus (Zuerich-Leipzig-Wien, 1929), 27–32Google Scholar; Baumgarten, Franziska, Arbeitswissenschaft und Psychotechnik (Munich-Berlin, 1924), 117–18.Google Scholar

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