Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T00:21:10.044Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Variations in lactate during a graded exercise test due to sampling location and method

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2010

Robert A. Lehnhard ,
Miles Bartlett ,
Brian M. Roche ,
Kenneth W. Hinchcliff  and
Kenneth H. McKeever
Robert A. Lehnhard
Affiliation:
Department of Kinesiology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
Miles Bartlett
Affiliation:
Department of Kinesiology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
Brian M. Roche
Affiliation:
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
Kenneth W. Hinchcliff
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Kenneth H. McKeever*
Affiliation:
Equine Science Center, Department of Animal Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ08901, USA
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The present study tested the hypothesis that lactate concentration ([La− ]) would differ between sample sites and between assay techniques that used different analytical substrates. Six clinically normal adult (two Thoroughbreds, three Standardbreds and one Quarter Horse) mares weighing between 435 and 560 kg were used in the study. Each mare performed an incremental exercise test (graded exercise test, GXT) where it ran on a treadmill at a fixed 6% grade. The GXT started at 3 m s− 1 for 1 min with increased in speed by 1 m s− 1 every 60 s until the horses completed the final 10 m s− 1 step. Jugular vein, pulmonary arterial and carotid arterial blood samples (14 ml) were collected before exercise and during the last 10 s of each step of the GXT. [La− ] was measured in whole blood (WB, no manipulations), total blood (TB, where the red blood cells were lysed) and plasma. Data were used to calculate the velocity to produce [La− ] of 4 mmol l− 1 (VLA4) and 10 mmol l− 1 (VLA10). Statistical analysis utilized a three-way ANOVA and, where appropriate, the Holm–Sidak or the Student Neuman–Keuls method for post hoc comparisons. The null hypothesis was rejected when P < 0.05. There was an effect of exercise intensity on [La− ] for all three methods (P < 0.001) with all means during exercise significantly greater than the resting mean, and there were differences due to method (i.e. analytical substrate) (P < 0.001) and sample site (P = 0.043). Comparisons of least-squared means (LSM ± SE) within site revealed that there was a difference (P < 0.05) between jugular vein (5.41 ± 0.24) and carotid artery (6.24 ± 0.24) and between carotid and pulmonary artery (5.98 ± 0.24). There was no difference (P>0.05) between jugular vein and pulmonary artery. Within method, there was a difference (P < 0.05) between WB (6.54 ± 0.36) and TB (5.06 ± 0.36) and between TB and plasma (6.04 ± 0.64), but there was no difference (P>0.05) between WB (6.54 ± 0.36) and plasma (6.04 ± 0.64). Further analysis of the data demonstrated that the method and sample site influenced (P < 0.05) VLA4 and VLA10.

Keywords

equineexertionlactate
Type
Research Paper
Information
Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , May 2010 , pp. 81 - 87
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Juel, C (1988). Intracellular pH recovery and lactate efflux in mouse soleus muscles stimulated in vitro: the involvement of sodium/proton exchange and a lactate carrier. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 132: 363–371.Google Scholar
2Holloszy, JO and Coyle, EF (1984). Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. Journal of Applied Physiology 56: 834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Ivy, JL, Chi, MM, Hintz, CS, Sherman, WM, Hellendall, RP and Lowry, OH (1987). Progressive metabolite changes in individual muscle fibers with increasing work rates. American Journal of Physiology 252: C360–C369.Google Scholar
4Coggan, AR, Kohrt, WM, Spina, RJ, Kirwan, JP, Bier, DM and Holloszy, JO (1992). Plasma glucose kinetics during exercise in subjects with high and low lactate thresholds. Journal of Applied Physiology 73: 1873–1880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Deuticke, B (1982). Monocrboxylate transport in erythrocytes. Journal of Membrane Biology 70: 89–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Deuticke, B, Beyer, E and Forst, B (1982). Discrimination of three parallel pathways of lactate transport in the human erythrocyte membrane by inhibitors and kinetic properties. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 684: 96–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Poole, RC and Halestrap, AP (1993). Transport of lactate and other monocarboxylates across mammalian plasma membranes. American Journal of Physiology 264: C761–C782.Google Scholar
8Forrest, AR, Morton, S and Lambardarios, C (1990). Blood or plasma lactate? British Journal of Sports Medicine 24: 132.Google Scholar
9Buono, MJ and Yeager, JE (1986). Intraerythrocycte and plasma lactate concentration during exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 55: 326–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Harris, RT and Dudley, GA (1989). Exercise alters the distribution of ammonia and lactate in blood. Journal of Applied Physiology 66: 313–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Juel, C, Bangsbo, J, Graham, T and Saltin, B (1990). Lactate and potassium fluxes from human skeletal muscle during and after intense, dynamic, knee extensor exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 140: 147–159.Google Scholar
12Foxdal, P, Sjodin, B, Rudstam, H, Ostman, C, Ostman, B and Hedenstierna, G (1990). Lactate concentration differences in plasma, whole blood, capillary finger blood and erythrocytes during submaximal graded exercise in humans. European Journal of Physiology 61: 218–222.Google ScholarPubMed
13Smith, EW, Skelton, MS, Kremer, DE, Pascoe, DD and Gladden, LB (1997). Lactate distribution in the blood during progressive exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29: 654–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Harris, RT and Dudley, GA (1989). Exercise alters the distribution of ammonia and lactate in blood. Journal of Applied Physiology 66: 313–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Williams, JR, Armstrong, N and Kirby, BJ (1992). The influence of the site of sampling and assay medium upon the measurement and interpretation of blood lactate responses to exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences 10: 95–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Hildebrand, A, Lormes, W, Emmert, J, Liu, Y, Lehmann, M and Steinacker, JM (2000). Lactate concentration in plasma and red blood cells during incremental exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 7: 463–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Guhl, A, Lindner, A and von Wittke, P (1996). Use of the relationship between blood lactate and running speed to determine the exercise intensity of horses. Veterinary Record 139: 108–110.Google Scholar
18Lindner, AE (2010). Maximal lactate steady state during exercise in blood of horses. Journal of Animal Science 88: 2038–2044.Google Scholar
19Lindner, AE (2010). Relationships between racing times of Standardbreds and v4 and v200. Journal of Animal Science 88: 950–954.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Lindner, A, Mosen, H, Kissenbeck, S, Fuhrmann, H and Sallmann, HP (2009). Effect of blood lactate-guided conditioning of horses with exercises of differing durations and intensities on heart rate and biochemical blood variables. Journal of Animal Science 87: 3211–3217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Lindner, A, Signorini, R, Brero, L, Arn, E, Mancini, R and Enrique, A (2006). Effect of conditioning horses with short intervals at high speed on biochemical variables in blood. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 36: 88–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Trilk, JL, Lindner, AJ, Greene, HM, Alberghina, D and Wickler, SJ (2002). A lactate-guided conditioning programme to improve endurance performance. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 122–125.Google Scholar
23Gansen, S, Lindner, A, Marx, S, Mosen, H and Sallmann, HP (1999). Effects of conditioning horses with lactate-guided exercise on muscle glycogen content. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 329–331.Google Scholar
24Guhl, A, Lindner, A and Von Wittke, P (1996). Reproducibility of the blood lactate-running speed curve in horses under field conditions. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57: 1059–1062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25Von Wittke, P, Lindner, A, Deegen, E and Sommer, H (1994). Effects of training on blood lactate-running speed relationship in thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of Applied Physiology 77: 298–302.Google Scholar
26Rainger, JE, Evans, DL, Hodgson, DR and Rose, RJ (1995). Distribution of lactate in plasma and erythrocytes during and after exercise in horses. British Veterinary Journal 151: 299–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Vaihkonen, LK, Hyyppa, S and Reeta Poso, A (1999). Factors affecting accumulation of lactate in red blood cells. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 443–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Drake, A (1982). Substrate utilization in the myocardium. Basic Research in Cardiology 11: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Dienel, GA and Hertz, L (2001). Glucose and lactate metabolism during brain activation. Journal of Neuroscience Research 66: 824–838.Google Scholar
30Thornton, J, Essen-Gustavsson, B, Lindholm, A, McMiken, D and Persson, S (1983). Effects of training and detraining on oxygen uptake, cardiac output, blood gas tensions, pH, and lactate concentrations during and after exercise in the horse. In: Snow, DH, Persson, SGB and Rose, RJ (eds) Equine Exercise Physiology. Cambridge: Granta Editions, pp. 470–486.Google Scholar
31Miller-Graber, P, Lawrence, L, Foreman, J, Smith, J, Bump, K, Kurcz, M, et al. (1988). Lactate, pyruvate and blood gasses in the carotid artery, jugular vein and pulmonary artery during submaximal exercise. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 8: 322–326.Google Scholar
32Marlin, DJ, Harris, RC and Snow, DH (1991). Rates of blood lactate disappearance following exercise of different intensities. In: Persson, S.G.B, Lindholm, A and Jeffcott, LB (eds) Equine Exercise Physiology 3. Davis, CA: ICEEP Publications, pp. 188–195.Google Scholar
33Poso, AR, Lampinen, KJ and Rasanen, LA (1995). Distribution of lactate between red blood cells and plasma after exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 18: 231–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Ferrante, PL, Taylor, LE, Wilson, JA and Kronfeld, DS (1995). Plasma and erythrocyte ion concentrations during exercise in Arabian horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 18: 306–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35Taylor, LE, Ferrante, PL, Wilson, JA and Kronfeld, DS (1995). Arterial and mixed venous acid–base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 18: 326–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Ide, K, Schmalbruch, IK, Quistorff, B, Horn, A and Secher, NH (2000). Lactate, glucose and O2 uptake in human brain during recovery from maximal exercise. Journal of Physiology 522: 159–164.Google Scholar
37Daisgaard, MK, Quistorff, B, Danielsen, ER, Selmer, C, Vogelsang, T and Secher, NH (2004). A reduced cerebral metabolic ratio in exercise reflects metabolism and not accumulation of lactate within the human brain. Journal of Physiology 554: 571–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Secher, NH and Quistorff, B (2005). Brain glucose and lactate uptake during exhaustive exercise. Journal of Physiology 568(Pt 1): 3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Quistorff, B, Secher, NH and Van Lieshout, JJ (2008). Lactate fuels the human brain during exercise. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 22: 3443–3449.Google Scholar
40Van Hall, G, Stromstad, M, Rasmussen, P, Jans, O, Zaar, M, Gam, C, et al. (2009). Blood lactate is an important energy source for the human brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 29: 1121–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Kruse, JA and Carlson, RW (1990). Lactate measurement: plasma or blood? Intensive Care Medicine 16: 1–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Nedeljkovic, A, Mirkov, DM, Pazin, N and Jaric, S (2007). Evaluation of Margaria staircase test: the effect of body size. European Journal of Applied Physiology 100: 115–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Bentley, DJ, Newell, J and Bishop, D (2007). Incremental exercise test design and analysis: implications for performance diagnostics in endurance athletes. Sports Medicine 37: 575–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Loat, CE and Rhodes, EC (1993). Relationship between the lactate and ventilatory thresholds during prolonged exercise. Sports Medicine 15: 104–115.Google Scholar
45Billat, LV (1996). Use of blood lactate measurements for prediction of exercise performance and for control of training. Recommendations for long-distance running. Sports Medicine 22: 157–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46Bosquet, L, Léger, L and Legros, P (2002). Methods to determine aerobic endurance. Sports Medicine 32: 675–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Zagatto, AM, Beck, WR and Gobatto, CA (2009). Validity of the running anaerobic sprint test for assessing anaerobic power and predicting short-distance performances. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23: 1820–1827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Popadic Gacesa, JZ, Barak, OF and Grujic, NG (2009). Maximal anaerobic power test in athletes of different sport disciplines. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23(3): 751–755.Google Scholar
49Constable, PD (1997). A simplified strong ion model for acid–base equilibria: application to horse plasma. Journal of Applied Physiology 83: 297–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed