Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-wjqwx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-16T09:27:19.153Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Studies of Anticipation in Bipolar Affective Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Kezia J. Lange  and
Melvin G. McInnis
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Anticipation refers to the increase in disease severity or decrease in age of onset in successive generations. The concept evolved from the theories and dogma of degeneration that were pervasive in psychiatry and medicine in the late 19th century and into the early 20th century. The term was set aside with the criticism of geneticist Lionel Penrose, who argued that anticipation was the result of ascertainment biases. The renewed interest in anticipation followed the identification of its molecular genetic basis in the form of unstable trinucleotide repeats. Subsequently, several diseases have been studied clinically for the presence of anticipation. Although anticipation has been identified in many diseases, including bipolar disorder, only diseases showing a pattern of progressive neurodegeneration have been associated with unstable trinucleotide repeats. This review summarizes the research on anticipation in bipolar disorder and other secular trends in the patterns of the illness such as the cohort effect. The changing nature of bipolar disorder is likely to be a result of combined influences from several genes, some of which are likely to be in a state of flux, as well as environmental or cultural forces that converge to give the clinical picture of anticipation.

Type
Feature Article
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , March 2002 , pp. 196 - 202
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

1.Freeman, HJ, Hershfield, NB. Anticipation in an Indo-Canadian family with crohn's disease. Can J Gastroenterol. 2001;15:695–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Lee, SC, Ko, GT, Li, JK, et al.Factors predicting the age when type 2 diabetes is diagnosed in Hong Kong Chinese subjects. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:646–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Radstake, TR, Barrera, P, Albers, MJ, et al.Genetic anticipation in rheumatoid arthritis in Europe. European Consortium on Rheumatoid Arthritis Families. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:962–967.Google Scholar
4.McInnis, MG, McMahon, FJ, Chase, GA, et al.Anticipation in bipolar affective disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 1993;53:385–390.Google ScholarPubMed
5.Nylander, PO, Engstrom, C, Chotai, J, et al.Anticipation in Swedish families with bipolar affective disorder. J Med Genet. 1994;31:686–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Engstrom, C, Thornlund, AS, Johansson, EL, et al.Anticipation in unipolar affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 1995;35:31–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Mendlewicz, J, Lindbald, K, Souery, D, et al.Expanded trinucleotide CAG repeats in families with bipolar affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:1115–1122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Hoh, J, Heitjan, DF, Merette, C, et al.Ascertainment and anticipation in family studies. Hum Hered. 2001;51:23–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Asherson, P, Walsh, C, Williams, J, et al.Imprinting and anticipation. Are they relevant to genetic studies of schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164:619–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Bassett, AS, Honer, WG. Evidence for anticipation in schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet. 1994;54:864–870.Google ScholarPubMed
11.Thibaut, F, Martinez, M, Petit, M, et al.Further evidence for anticipation in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1995;59:25–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Gorwood, P, Leboyer, M, Falissard, B, et al.Further epidemiological evidence for anticipation in schizophrenia. Biomed Pharmacother. 1997;51:376–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Johnson, JE, Cleary, J, Ahsan, H, et al.Anticipation in schizophrenia: biology or bias? Am J Med Genet. 1997;74:275–280.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Yaw, J, Myles-Worsley, M, Hoff, M, et al.Anticipation in multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees. Psychiatr Genet. 1996;6:7–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Beckmann, H, Franzek, E, Stober, G. Genetic heterogeneity in catatonic schizophrenia: a family study. Am J Med Genet. 1996;67:289–300.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Heiden, A, Willinger, U, Scharfetter, J, et al.Anticipation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1999;35:25–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Battaglia, M, Bertella, S, Bajo, S, et al.Anticipation of age at onset in panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:590–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Morel, BA. Traite des Degenerescences. Paris, France: JB Balliere;1857.Google Scholar
19.Mott, FW. A lecture on heredity and insanity. Lancet. 1911;1251–1259.Google Scholar
20.Penrose, LS. The problem. of anticipation in pedigrees of dystrophica myotonica. Ann Eugenics. 1948;14:125–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.McInnis, MG. Anticipation: an old idea in new genes. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;59:973–979.Google ScholarPubMed
22.Galton, F. Essays in Eugenics. London, England: Eugenics Education Society; 1909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Höweler, CJ, Busch, HF, Geraedts, JP, et al.Anticipation in myotonic dystrophy: fact or fiction? Brain. 1989;112(pt 3):779–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Brook, JD, McCurrah, ME, Harley, HG, et al.Molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy: expansion of a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat at the 3' end of a transcript encoding a protein kinase family member. Cell. 1992;68:799–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Macedo, A, Azevedo, H, Coelho, , et al.Genetic anticipation in Portugese families with bipolar mood disorder. CNS Spectrums. 1999;4:25–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Rice, J, Reich, T, Andreasen, NC, et al.The familial transmission of bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:441–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Giuffra, LA, Risch, N. Diminished recall and the cohort effect of major depression: a simulation study. Psychol Med. 1994;24:375–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Gelernter, J. Genetics of bipolar affective disorder: time for another reinvention? Am J Hum Genet. 1995;56:1262–1266.Google ScholarPubMed
29.Mérette, C, Roy-Gagnon, MH, Ghazzali, N, et al.Anticipation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder controlling for an information bias. Am J Med Genet. 2000;96:61–68.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Grigoriou-Serbanescu, M, Wickramaratne, PJ, Hodge, SE, et al.Genetic anticipation and imprinting in bipolar Iillness. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;170:162–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Petronis, A, Sherrington, RP, Paterson, AD, et al.Genetic anticipation in schizophrenia: pro and con. Clin Neurosci. 1995;3:76–80.Google ScholarPubMed
32.Hodge, SE, Wickramaratne, P. Statistical pitfalls in detecting age-of-onset anticipation: the role of correlation in studying anticipation and detecting ascertainment bias. Psychiatr Genet. 1995;5:43–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Heiman, GA, Hodge, SE, Wickramaratne, P, et al.Age-at-interview bias in anticipation studies: computer simulations and an example with panic disorder. Psychiatr Genet. 1996;6:61–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Huang, J, Vieland, V. A new statistical test for age-of-onset anticipation: application to bipolar disorder. Genet Epidemiol. 1997;14:1091–1096.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Vieland, VJ, Huang, J. Statistical evaluation of age-at-onset anticipation: a new test and evaluation of its behavior in realistic applications. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:1212–1227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Gorwood, P, Leboyer, M, Falissard, B, et al.Anticipation in schizophrenia: new light on a controversial problem. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:1173–1177.Google ScholarPubMed
37.Rabinowitz, D, Yang, Q. Testing for age-at-onset anticipation with affected parent-child pairs. Biometrics. 1999;55:834–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Picco, MF, Goodman, S, Reed, J, et al.Methodologic pitfalls in the determination of genetic anticipation: the case of Crohn disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1124–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Vincent, JB, Paterson, AD, Strong, E, et al.The unstable trinucleotide repeat story of major psychosis. Am J Med Genet. 2000;97:77–97.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Klerman, GL, Lavori, PW, Rice, J, et al.Birth-cohort trends in rates of major depressive disorder among relatives of patients with affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:689–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Price, RA, Kidd, KK, Pauls, DL, et al.Multiple threshold models for the affective disorders: the Yale-NIMH collaborative family study. J Psychiatr Res. 1985;19:533–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Gershon, ES, Hamovit, JH, Guroff, JJ, et al.Birth-cohort changes in manic and depressive disorders in relatives of bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:314–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Crow, TJ. Secular Changes in Affective Disorder and Variations in the Psychosis Gene. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:1013–1014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Alda, M, Grof, P, Ravindran, L, et al.Anticipation in bipolar affective disorder: is age at onset a valid criterion? Am J Med Genet. 2000;96:804–807.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Angst, J, Baastrup, P, Grof, P, et al.The course of monopolar depression and bipolar psychoses. Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir. 1973;76:489–500.Google ScholarPubMed
46.Visscher, PM, Yazdi, MH, Jackson, AD, et al.Genetic survival analysis of age-at-onset of bipolar disorder: evidence for anticipation or cohort effect in families. Psychiatr Genet. 2001;11:129–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Lindblad, K, Nylander, PO, De Bruyn, A, et al.Detection of expanded CAG repeats in bipolar affective disorder using the repeat expansion detection (RED) method. Neurobiol Dis. 1995;2:55–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.O'Donovan, MC, Guy, C, Craddock, N, et al.Confirmation of association between expanded CAG/CTG repeats and both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol Med. 1996;26:1145–1153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Ohara, K. Anticipation, imprinting, trinucleotide repeat expansions and psychoses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2001;25:167–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Craddock, N, McKeon, P, Moorhead, S, et al.Expanded CAG/CTG repeats in bipolar disorder: no correlation with phenotypic measures of illness severity. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:876–881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Li, T, Vallada, HP, Liu, X, et al.Analysis of CAG/CTG repeat size in Chinese subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder using the repeat expansion detection method. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:1160–1165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Zander, C, Schurhoff, F, Laurent, C, et al.CAG repeat sequences in bipolar affective disorder: no evidence for association in a French population. Am J Med Genet. 1998;81:338–341.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Meira-Lima, IV, Zhao, J, Sham, P, et al.Association and linkage studies between bipolar affective disorder and the polymorphic CAG/CTG repeat loci ERDA1, SEF2-1B, MAB21L and KCNN3. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:565–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Hare, E. Was insanity on the increase? The fifty-sixth Maudsley Lecture. Br J Psychiatry. 1983;142:439–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Der, G, Gupta, S, Murray, RM. Is schizophrenia disappearing? Lancet. 1990;335:513–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56.Bebbington, P, Hurry, J, Tennant, C, et al.Epidemiology of mental disorders in Camberwell. Psychol Med. 1981;11:561–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Dean, G, Walsh, D, Downing, H, et al.First admissions of native-born and immigrants to psychiatric hospitals in South-East England 1976. Br J Psychiatry. 1981;139:506–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Hemsi, LK. Psychotic morbidity of West Indian immigrants. Soc Psychiatry. 1967;2:95–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Kiev, A. Psychiatric morbidity of West Indian immigrants in an urban group practice. Br J Psychiatry. 1965;111:51–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60.McGovern, D, Cope, RV. First psychiatric admission rates of first and second generation Afro Caribbeans. Soc Psychiatry. 1987;22:139–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Harrison, G, Owens, D, Holton, A, et al.A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients. Psychol Med. 1988;18:643–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Cochrane, R, Bal, SS. Mental hospital admission rates of immigrants to England: a comparison of 1971 and 1981. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1989;24:2–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63.Castle, D, Wessely, S, Der, G, et al.The incidence of operationally defined schizophrenia in Camberwell, 1965-84. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;159:790–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.King, M, Coker, E, Leavey, G, et al.Incidence of psychotic illness in London: comparison of ethnic groups. BMJ. 1994;309:1115–1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Van Os, J, Castle, DJ, Takei, N, et al.Psychotic illness in ethnic minorities: clarification from the 1991 census. Psychol Med. 1996;26:203–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Wessely, S, Castle, D, Der, G, et al.Schizophrenia and Afro-Caribbeans. A case-control study. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;159:795–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Bhugra, D, Leff, J, Mallett, R, et al.Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in whites, African-Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychol Med. 1997;27:791–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68.Leff, JP, Fischer, M, Bertelsen, A. A cross-national epidemiological study of mania. Br J Psychiatry. 1976;129:428–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Hunt, N, Adams, S, Coxhead, N, et al.The incidence of mania in two areas in the United Kingdom. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1993;28:281–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70.Hutchinson, G, Takei, N, Sham, P, et al.Factor analysis of symptoms in schizophrenia: differences between white and Caribbean patients in Camberwell. Psychol Med. 1999;29:607–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71.Kirov, G, Murray, RM. Ethnic differences in the presentation of bipolar affective disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 1999;14:199–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Harrison, G, Amin, S, Singh, SP, et al.Outcome of psychosis in people of African-Caribbean family origin. Population-based first-episode study. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:43–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73.McKenzie, K, Van Os, J, Fahy, T, et al.Psychosis with good prognosis in Afro-Caribbean people now living in the United Kingdom. Br Med J. 1995;311:1325–1328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Takei, N, Persaud, R, Woodruff, P, et al.First episodes of psychosis in Afro-Caribbean and white people. An 18-year follow-up population-based study. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172:147–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Sharpley, M, Hutchinson, G, McKenzie, K, et al.Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England. Review of current hypotheses. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;40(suppl):60–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76.Schurhoff, F, Bellivier, F, Jouvent, R, et al.Early and late onset bipolar disorders: two different forms of manic-depressive illness? J Affect Disord. 2000;58:215–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Johnson, JG, Cohen, P, Brook, JS. Associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood: a community-based longitudinal investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1679–1681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed