Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:19:43.348Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social Stress in Tree Shrews as an Animal Model of Depression: An Example of a Behavioral Model of a CNS Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Eberhard Fuchs
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Animal models are invaluable in preclinical research on human psychopathology. Valid animal models to study the pathophysiology of depression and specific biological and behavioral responses to antidepressant drug treatments are of prime interest. In order to improve our knowledge of the causal mechanisms of stress-related disorders such as depression, we need animal models that mirror the situation seen in patients. One promising model is the chronic psychosocial stress paradigm in male tree shrews. Coexistence of two males in visual and olfactory contact leads to a stable dominant/subordinate relationship, with the subordinates showing obvious changes in behavioral, neuroendocrine, and central nervous activity that are similar to the signs and symptoms observed during episodes of depression in patients.

Type
Review Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 10 , Issue 3 , March 2005 , pp. 182 - 190
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994 Google Scholar
2. Murray, CJ, Lopez, AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability hy cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1498–1504.Google Scholar
3. Judd, LL, Paulus, MP, Wells, KB, Rapaport, MH. Socioeconomic burden of subsyndromal depressive symptoms and major depression in a sample of the general population. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:1411–1417.Google Scholar
4. Willner, P. Behavioural Models in Psychopharmacology: Theoretical, Industrial and Clinical Perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1991.Google Scholar
5. Yadid, G, Nakash, R, Deri, I, et al. Elucidation of the neurobiology of depression: insights from a novel genetic animal model. Prog Neurobiol. 2000;62:353–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. McKinney, WT. Animal models of depression: an overview. Psychiatr Dev. 1984;2:77–96.Google Scholar
7. Nestler, EJ, Gould, E, Manji, H, et al. Preclinical models: status of basic research in depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:503–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Cryan JF, A, Markou, A, Lucki, I. Assessing antidepressanr activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002;23:238–245.Google Scholar
9. O'Neil, MF, Moore, NA. Animal models of depression: are there any? Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18:239–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Kessler, RC. The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annu Rev Psychol. 1997;48:191–214.Google Scholar
11. Anisman, H, Zacharko, RM. Depression the predisposing influence of stress. Behav Brain Sci. 1982;5:89–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Kendler, KS, Karkowski, LM, Prescott, CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:837–841.Google Scholar
13. Paykel, ES. Stress and affective disorders in humans. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2001;6:4–11.Google Scholar
14. Yadid, G, Overstreet, DH, Zangen, A. Limbic dopaminergic adaptation to a stressful stimulus in a rat model of depression. Brain Res. 2001;896:43–47.Google Scholar
15. Jesberger, JA, Richardson, JS. Animal models depression: parallels and correlates to serve depression in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 1985;20:764–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Sanchez, MM, Ladd, CO, Plotsky, PM. Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models. Dev Psychopathol.2001;13:419–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Seligman, M, Maier, S. Failure to escape traumatic shock. J Exp Psychol. 1967;74:1–9.Google Scholar
18. Vollmayr, B, Henn, FA. Learned helplessness in the rat: improvements in validity and reliability. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 2001;8:1–7.Google Scholar
19. Willner, P, Muscat, R, Papp, M. Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: a realistic animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1992;16:525–534.Google Scholar
20. Blanchard, DC, Blanchard, RJ. Behavior correlates of chronic dominance-subordination relationships of adult male rats in a seminatural situation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1990;14:455–462.Google Scholar
21. Brown, G. Life events and illness. In: Stabford, SC, Salamon, P, eds. Stress: From Synapse to Syndrome. London, England: Academic Press; 1993;20–40.Google Scholar
22. Martin, RD. Primate Origins and Evolution. London, England: Chapman and Hall; 1990.Google Scholar
23. Fuchs, E, Flügge, G. Social stress in tree shrews: effects on physiology, brain function and behavior of subordinate individuals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002;73:247–258.Google Scholar
24. Herman, J, Watson, S, Chao, H, Coirini, H, McEwen, BS. Diurnal regulation of glucocor-ticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNAs in rat hippocampus. Mol Cell Neurosci. 1993;4:181–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Raab, A, Storz, H. A longterm study on the impact of sociopsychic stress in tree-shrews (Tupala belangeri) on central and peripheral tyrosine hydroxylase activity. J Comp Physiol. 1976;108:115–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Fuchs, E, Uno, H, Flügge, G. Chronic psychosocial stress induces morphological alterations in hippocampal pytamidal neurons of the tree shrew. Brain Res. 1995;673:275–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27. Fuchs, E, Kramer, M, Hermes, B, Netter, P, Hiemke, C. Psychosocial stress in tree shrews: clomipramine counteracts behavioral and endocrine changes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996;54:219–228.Google Scholar
28. McTavish, D, Benfield, P. Clomipramine: an overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic use in obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder. Drugs. 1990;39:136–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Maes, M, Meltzer, HY The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. In: Bloom, FE, Kupfer, DJ, eds. Psychopharmacology. The Fourth Generation of Progress. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995:933–944.Google Scholar
30. Gex-Fabry, M, Balant-Gorgia, AE, Blant, LP. Clomipramine concentrations as predictor of response: a naturalistic study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;54:895–902.Google Scholar
31. van, Kampen M, Kramer, M, Hiemke, C, Flügge, G, Fuchs, E, The chronic psychosocial stress paradigm in male tree shrews: Evaluation of a novel animal model for depressive disorders. Stress. 2002;5:37–46.Google Scholar
32. Seeman, TE, McEwen, BS, Singer, BH, Albert, MS, Rowe, JW. Increase in urinary cortisol excretion and memory declines MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2458–2465.Google Scholar
33. Holsboer, F, Doerr, HG, Gerken, A, Müller, OA, Sippell WG, Cortisol, 11 -deoxycortisol, and ACTH concentrations after dexamethasone in depressed patients and healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 1983;11:15–23.Google Scholar
34. Sachar, EJ, Hellman, L, Roffwarg, HP, Halpern, FS, Fukush, DK, Gallagher, TF. Disrupted 24 hour patterns of cortisol secretion in psychotic depressives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;28:19–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Holsboer, F, Barden, N. Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation. End Rev. 1996;17:187–205.Google Scholar
36. Kramer, M, Hiemke, C, Fuchs, E. Chronic psychosocial stress and antidepressant treatment in tree shrews time-dependent behavioral and endocrine effects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999;23:937–947.Google Scholar
37. Kapur, S, Mann, JJ. Role of the dopaminergic system in depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1992;32:1–17.Google Scholar
38. von Holst, D, Buergel-Geoodwin, U. Chinning by male Tupaia belangeri: the effects of scent marks of conspecifics and of other species. J Comp Physiol. 1975;103:153–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Fischer, HD, Heinzeller, T, Raab, A. Gonadal responses to psychosocial stress in male tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri). Morphometry of testis, epididymis and prostate. Andrologia. 1985;17:262–275.Google Scholar
40. Flügge, G, Kramer, M, Rensing, S, Fuchs, E. 5 HT1A -receptors and behaviour under chronic stress selective counteraction by testosterone. Eur J Neurosci. 1998;10:2685–2693.Google Scholar
41. Lemoine, P, Boulenger, JP, Caillard, V, Tanne, N, Bonnet, D. Compared efficacy of prazepam and clomipramine in major depression with anxiety: a multicenter controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1991;24:175–179.Google Scholar
42. Molewijk, HE, van der Poel, AM, Mos, J, van der Heyden, JA, Olivier, B. Conditioned ultrasonic distress vocalizations in adult male rats as a behavioural paradigm for screening ant-panic drugs. Psychopharmacology. 1995;117:32–40.Google Scholar
43. van Kampen, M, Schmitt, U, Hiemke, C, Fuchs, E. Diazepam has no beneficial effects on stress-induced behavioural and endocrine changes in male tree shrews. Biochem Pharmacol Behav. 2000;65:539–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44. Greenblatt, DJ, Shader, RI. Pharmacokinetics of antianxiety agents. In: Melier, H, ed. Psychopharmacology. The Third Generation of Progress. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1987;1377–1387.Google Scholar
45. Jing, X, Wala, EP, Sloan, JW. Flunitrazepam and nordiazepam slowly released from silastic capsules induce physical dependence in rat. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39:63–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46. Schmitt, U, Hiemke, C. Combination of the open field and elevated plus-maze: a suitable test battery to assess strain as well as treatment differences in rat behavior. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998;22:1197–1215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47. Kornetzky, C. Animal Models: Promises and Problems. In: Koop, GF, Ehlers, CL, Kupfer, DJ, eds. Animal Models of Depression. Boston, Mass: Birkhäuser; 1989;18–29.Google Scholar
48. McEwen, BS. Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1999;22:105–122.Google Scholar
49. McEwen, BS. Effects of adverse experiences for brain structure and function. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:721–731.Google Scholar
50. Sheline, Y, Wang, P, Gado, M, Csernansky, J, Vannier, M. Hippocampal atrophy in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:3908–3913.Google Scholar
51. Bremner, JD, Narayan, M, Anderson, ER, Staib, LH, Miller, HL, Charney, OS. Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:115–117.Google Scholar
52. Sheline, YI, Gado, MH, Kraemer, HC. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1516–1518.Google Scholar
53. Manji, HK, Moore, GJ, Chen, G. Clinical and preclinical evidence for the neurotrophic effects of mood stabilizers: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of manic-depressive illness. Boil Psychiatry. 2000;48:740–754.Google Scholar
54. Manji, HK, Drevets, WC, Charney, DS. The cellular neurobiology of depression. Nat Med. 2001;7:541–547.Google Scholar
55. Santarelli, L, Saxe, M, Gross, C, et al. Requirements of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science. 2003;301:805–809.Google Scholar
56. Czéh, B, Michaelis, T, Watanabe, T, et al. Stress-induced changes in cerebral metabolites, hippocampal volume and cell proliferation are prevented by antidepressant treatment with tianeptine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:12796–12801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57. van der Hart, MG, Czéh, B, de Biurrun, G, et al. Substance P receptor antagonist and clomipramine prevent stress-induced alterations in cerebral metabolites, cytogenesis in the dentate gyrus and hippocampal volume. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7:933–941.Google Scholar
58. Meyer, U, Kruhøffer, M, Flügge, G, Fuchs, E. Cloning of glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticotd receptor cDNA and gene expression in the central nervous system of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Mol Brain Res. 1998;55:243–253.Google Scholar
59. Palchaudhuri, MR, Wille, S, Mevenkamp, G, Spiess, J, Fuchs, E, Dautzenberg, F. Corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 from Tupaia belangeri: cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution. Eur J Biochem. 1998;258:78–84.Google Scholar
60. Palchaudhuri, MR, Hauger, RL, Wille, S, Fuchs, E, Dautzenberg, FM. Isolation and pharmacological characterization of two functional splice variants of corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor from Tupaia belangeri. J Neuroendocrinol. 1999;11:419–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61. Meyer, H, Palchaudhuri, M, Scheinin, M, Flügge, G Regulation of alpha2A-adrenoceptor expression by chronic stress in neurons of the brain stem. Brain Res. 2000;880:147–158.Google Scholar
62. Howard, JL. Models of depression used in the pharmaceutical industry. In: Koop, GF, Ehlers, CL, Kupfer, DJ, eds. Animal Models of Depression. Boston, Mass: Birkhäuser; 1989;187–203.Google Scholar
63. Magarinos, AM, McEwen, BS, Flügge, G, Fuchs, E. Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews. J Neurosci. 1996;16:3534–40.Google Scholar