Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T10:04:31.774Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sensory Phenomena in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tic Disorders: A Review of the Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Helena da Silva Prado ,
Maria Conceição do Rosário ,
Jennifer Lee ,
Ana G. Hounie ,
Roseli G. Shavitt  and
Eurípedes C. Miguel
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction:

A variety of subjective experiences have been reported to be associated with the symptom expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS). First described in TS patients, these subjective experiences have been defined in different ways. There is no consensus in the literature on how to best define subjective experiences. This lack of consensus may hinder the understanding of study results and prevents the possibility of including them in the search for etiological factors associated with OCD and TS.

Methods:

The objective of this article was to review the descriptions of subjective experiences in the English-language literature from 1980–2007. This meta-analytic review was carried out using the English-language literature from 1980–2007 available on MEDLINE, PsyclNFO, and the Cochrane Library databases using the following search terms: premonitory urges, sensory tics, “just-right” perceptions, sensory phenomena, sensory experiences, incompleteness, “not just-right” phenomena, obsessive-compulsive disorder and TS, including OCD and/or TS, in all combination searches. We also searched for the references cited in each article previously found that referred to the aforementioned terms. Thirtyone articles were included in the study.

Results:

Subjective experiences, in particular, the sensory phenomena, were important phenotypic variables in the characterization of the tic-related OCD subtype and were more frequent in the early-onset OCD subtype. There is a paucity of studies using structured interviews to assess sensory phenomena, their epidemiology and the etiological mechanisms associated with sensory phenomena.

Conclusion:

The current review provides some evidence that sensory phenomena can be useful to identify more homogenous subgroups of OCD and TS patients and should be included as important phenotypic variables in future clinical, genetic, neuroimaging, and treatment-response studies.

Type
Original Research
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 13 , Issue 5 , May 2008 , pp. 425 - 432
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.First, MB, Spitzer, RL, Gibbon, M, Williams, JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Patient Version. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994.Google Scholar
2.Leckman, JF. Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Brain Dev. 2003;25:S24–S28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Torres, AR, Prince, MJ, Bebbington, PE, et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence, comorbidity, impact, and help-seeking in the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of 2000. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1978–1985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Leckman, JF, Pauls, DL, Peterson, BS, et al.Pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome. Clues from the clinical phenotype and natural history advances in neurology. Adv Neurol. 1992;58:15–24.Google Scholar
5.Shavitt, RG, Hounie, AG, Rosario Campos, MC, Miguel, EC. Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006;29:471–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Hounie, AG, do Rosário-Campos, MC, Diniz, JB, et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:22–38.Google Scholar
7.Storch, EA, Stige-Kaufman, D, Marien, WE, et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder in youth with and without a chronic tic disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2007;March 7: [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
8.George, MS, Trimble, MR, Ring, HA, Salee, FR, Robertson, MM. Obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:93–97.Google ScholarPubMed
9.Holzer, JC, Goodman, WK, McDougle, CJ, et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without a chronic tic disorder: a comparison of symptoms in 70 patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164:469–473.Google Scholar
10.Leckman, JF, Grice, DE, Barr, LC, et al.Tic-related vs. non-tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety. 1994–1995;1:208–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Miguel, EC, Coffey, BJ, Baer, L, Savage, CR, Rauch, SL, Jenike, MA. Phenomenology of intentional repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:246–255.Google Scholar
12.Miguel, EC, Rauch, SL, Jenike, MA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1997;863–883.Google Scholar
13.Miguel, EC, Rosário-Campos, MC, Prado, HS, et al.Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:150–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Pauls, DL, Alsobrook, JP, Goodman, W, Rasmussen, S, Leckman, JF. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:76–84.Google ScholarPubMed
15.Grados, MA, Riddle, MA, Samuels, JF, et al.The familial phenotype of obsessive-compulsive disorder in relation to tic disorders: the Hopkins OCD family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:559–565.Google Scholar
16.Rosário-Campos, MC, Leckman, JF, Curi, M, et al.A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005;136:92–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Pauls, DL, Towbin, KE, Leckman, JF, Zahner, GE, Cohen, DJ. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Evidence supporting a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:1180–1182.Google Scholar
18.Leckman, JF, Cohen, DJ. Tic disorders. In: Rutter, M, Taylor, E, Hersov, L, eds. Childand Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches. 3rd ed. London, England: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1994:455–466.Google Scholar
19.McDougle, CJ, Goodman, WK, Price, LH, et al.Neuroleptic addition in fluvaxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:652–654.Google ScholarPubMed
20.McDougle, CJ, Goodman, WK, Leckman, JF, Lee, NC, Heninger, GR, Price, LH. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double blind, placebo controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:302–308.Google Scholar
21.Kurlan, R, Lichter, D, Hewitt, D. Sensory tics in Tourette's syndrome. Neurology. 1989;39:731–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Cohen, AJ, Leckman, JF. Sensory phenomena associated with Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53:319–323.Google Scholar
23.Leckman, JF, Walker, DE, Cohen, DJ. Premonitory urges in Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:98–102.Google ScholarPubMed
24.Chee, KY, Sachdev, P. A controlled study of sensory tics in Gilles de La Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder using a structured interview. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:188–192.Google Scholar
25.Rosário-Campos, MC. Transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo de início precoce e de início tardio. In: Características Clínicas, Psicopatológícas e de Comorbidade. São Paulo, Brazil: Tese de Mestrado, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 1998:99.Google Scholar
26.Rosário-Campos, MC, Leckman, JF, Mercadante, MT, et al.Adults with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1899–1903.Google Scholar
27.Coles, ME, Frost, RO, Heimberg, RG, Rhéaume, J. Not just right experiences: perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive features and general psychopathology. Behav Res Therapy. 2003;41:681–700.Google Scholar
28.Leckman, JF, Grice, DE, Boardman, J, et al.Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:911–917.Google Scholar
29.Leckman, JF, Pauls, DL, Peterson, BS, Riddle, MA, Anderson, GM, Cohen, DJ. Pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome. Clues from the clinical phenotype and natural history. Adv Neurol. 1992;58:15–24.Google Scholar
30.Shapiro, AK, Shapiro, ES, Young, JC, Feinberg, TE. Sensory tic. In: Shapiro, AK, Shapiro, ES, Young, JC, Feinberg, TE, eds. Gilles de La Tourette Syndrome. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1988;356:360.Google Scholar
31.Babaschewski, T, Woerner, W, Rothenberger, A. Premonitory sensory phenomena and suppressibility of tics in Tourette syndrome: development aspects in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;45:700–703.Google Scholar
32.Verdellen, CW, Hoogduin, CA, Keijsers, GP. Tic suppression in the treatment of Tourette's syndrome with exposure therapy: the rebound phenomenon reconsidered. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1601–1606.Google Scholar
33.Mancini, F, Gangemi, A, Perdighe, C, Marini, C. Not just right experience: is it influenced by feelings of guilt?J Behav Therapy Exp Psych. 2007; March 12:[Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar
34.Diniz, JD, Rosário-Campos, MC, Hounie, AG, et al.Chronic tics and Tourette syndrome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Res. 2006;40:487–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Pitman, RK, Green, RC, Jenike, MA, Mesulam, MM. Clinical comparison of Tourette's disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:1166–1171.Google ScholarPubMed
36.Issler, CK, Amaral, JA, Tamada, RS, et al.Clinical expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder in woman with bipolar disorder [Portuguese]. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2005;27:139–142.Google Scholar
37.Wahl, K, Salkovskis, PM, Cotter, I. “I wash until it feels right” The phenomenology of stopping criteria in obsessive-compulsive washing. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22:143–161.Google Scholar
38.Rasmussen, SA, Eisen, JL. The epidemiology and differential diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53:4–10.Google Scholar
39.Summerfeldt, LJ. Understanding and treating incompleteness in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychol. 2004;60:1155–1168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Kwac, C, Pac, MS, Vuong, DK, Jankovic, J. Premonitory sensory phenomena in Tourette's syndrome. Mov Disord. 2003;18:1530–1533.Google Scholar
41.Evans, DW, Gray, FL, Leckman, JF. The rituals, fears and phobias of young children: insights from development, psychopathology and neurobiology. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1999;29:261–276.Google Scholar
42.Rodopman-Arman, A, Yazgan, MY, Zaimoglu, S. Sensory phenomena as an associate of Tourette syndrome [Turkish]. Turk Psikiatri Derg. 1998;9:247–256.Google Scholar
43.Fen, CH, Barbosa, ER, Miguel, EC. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a clinical study on 58 cases [Portuguese]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2001;59:729–732.Google Scholar
44.Bullen, JG, Hemsley, DR. Sensory experiences as a trigger in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1983;14:197–201.Google Scholar
45.Chouinard, S, Ford, B. Adult onset tic disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:738–743.Google Scholar
46.Bliss, J. Sensory experiences of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:1343–1347.Google Scholar
47.Kane, MJ. Premonitory urges as “attentional tics” in Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33:805–808.Google Scholar
48.Woods, DW, Piacentini, J, Himle, MB, Chang, S. Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS): initial psychometric results and examination of premonitory urge phenomenon in youths with Tic disorders. Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005;26:397–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Jankovic, J. Tourette syndrome. Phenomenology and classification of tics. Neurol Clin. 1997;15:267–275.Google Scholar
50.Janet, P. Les Obsessions et La Psychasthenie. Paris, France: Baillière; 1903.Google Scholar
51.Leckman, JF, Walker, DE, Goodman, WK, Pauls, DL, Cohen, DJJust-Right Perceptions associated with compulsives behaviors in Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:675–80.Google Scholar
52.Miguel, EC, do Rosario-Campos, MC, Shavitt, RG, et al.The tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotype and treatment implications. Adv Neurol. 2001;85:43–55.Google Scholar
53.Rodopman-Arman, A, Yazgan, Y, Berkan, M, Eraksoy, M. Are sensory phenomena present in sydenham's chorea? Evaluation of 13 cases. Neuropediatrics. 2004;35:242–245.Google Scholar
54.Coles, ME, Heimberg, RG, Frost, RO, Steketee, G. Not just right experiences and obsessive-compulsive features: experimental and self-monitoring perspectives. Behav Res Therapy. 2005;43:153–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Shavitt, RG, Belotto, C, Curi, M, et al.Clinical features associated with treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47:276–281.Google Scholar
56.Ferrão, YA, Shavitt, RG, Bedin, NR, et al.Clinical features associated to refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2006;94:199–209.Google Scholar
57.Peterson, B, Riddle, M, Cohen, D, et al.Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images. Neurology. 1993;43:941–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Eidelberg, D, Moeller, JR, Antonini, A, et al.The metabolic anatomy of Tourette's syndrome. Neurology. 1997;48:927–934.Google Scholar
59.Fried, I, Katz, A, McCarthy, G, et al.Functional organization of human supplementary motor cortex studied by electrical stimulation. J Neurosci. 1991;11:3656–3666.Google Scholar
60.Rosário, MC, Prado, HS, Shavitt, RG, et al.University of São Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale (USP-SPS), 10th version. In: Miguel, EC, do Rosario-Campos, MC, de Mathis, MA, et al, eds. First Assessment Interview (APA) from OCD Spectrum Disorder Project. São Paulo, Brazil: Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo; 2007; 134.Google Scholar