Hostname: page-component-55f67697df-zh294 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-12T02:23:07.383Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Eating Disorders to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Katharine A. Phillips  and
Walter H. Kaye
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders are body image disorders that have long been hypothesized to be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Available data suggest that BDD and eating disorders are often comorbid with OCD. Data from a variety of domains suggest that both BDD and eating disorders have many similarities with OCD and seem related to OCD. However, these disorders also differ from OCD in some ways. Additional research is needed on the relationship of BDD and eating disorders to OCD, including studies that directly compare them to OCD in a variety of domains, including phenomenology, family history, neurobiology, and etiology.

Type
Review Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 12 , Issue 5 , May 2007 , pp. 347 - 358
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

1.Hollander, E. Introduction. In: Hollander, E, ed. Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc; 1993:17–48.Google Scholar
2.Abramowitz, JS, Deacon, BJ. Obsessive-compulsive disorders: essential phenomenology and overlap with other anxiety disorders. In: Abramowitz, JS, Houts, AC, eds. Concepts and Controversies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. New York, NY: Springer; 2005:119–135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Jaisoorya, TS, Reddy, YC, Srinath, S. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to putative spectrum disorders: results from an Indian study. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:317–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Simeon, D, Hollander, E, Stein, DJ, et al.Body dysmorphic disorder in the DSM-IV field trial for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1207–1209.Google ScholarPubMed
5.Solyom, L, DiNicola, VF, Phil, M, et al.Is there an obsessive psychosis? Aetiological and prognostic factors of an atypical form of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Can J Psychiatry. 1985;30:372–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Brady, KT, Austin, L, Lydiard, RB. Body dysmorphic disorder: the relationship to obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1990;178:538–540.Google ScholarPubMed
7.Phillips, KA, McElroy, SL, Hudson, JI, et al.Body dysmorphic disorder: an obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder, a form of affective spectrum disorder, or both? J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56(suppl 4):S41–S52.Google ScholarPubMed
8.Serpell, L, Livingstone, A, Neiderman, M, Lask, B. Anorexia nervosa: obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, or neither? Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22:647–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Kleinknecht, RA, Dinnel, DL, Kleinknecht, EE. Cultural factors in social anxiety: a comparison of social phobia symptoms and Taijin Kyofusho. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;11:157–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Suzuki, K, Takei, N, Kawai, M, et al.Is Taijin Kyofusho a culture-bound syndrome? Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Phillips, KA, Stout, RL. Associations in the longitudinal course of body dysmorphic disorder with major depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and social phobia. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40:360–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Lilenfeld, LR, Kaye, WH, Greeno, CG, et al.A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:603–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Phillips, KA. The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. [Revised and Expanded Edition, 2005.]Google Scholar
14.Stekel, W. Compulsion and Doubt. EA, Gutheil, trans. New York, NY: Liveright; 1949.Google Scholar
15.Phillips, KA, Hollander, E. Body dysmorphic disorder. In: Widiger, TA, Frances, AJ, Pincus, HA, Ross, R, First, MB, Davis, WW, eds. DSM-IV Sourcebook. vol 2. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1996;949–960Google Scholar
16.Phillips, KA, McElroy, SL, Keck, PE Jr, et al.Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:302–308.Google ScholarPubMed
17.Hay, GG. Dysmorphophobia. Br J Psychiatry. 1970;116:399–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Hardy, GE, Cotterill, JA. A study of depression and obsessionality in dysmorphophobic and psoriatic patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1982;140:19–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Phillips, KA, Gunderson, CG, Mallya, G, et al.A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:568–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Eisen, JL, Phillips, KA, Coles, ME, et al.Insight in obsessive compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2004;45:10–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.McKay, D, Neziroglu, F, Yaryura-Tobias, JA. Comparison of clinical characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;11:447–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Phillips, KA, Pinto, A, Menard, W, et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder versus body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison study of two possibly related disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2006 Oct 13; [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
23.Veale, D, Boocock, A, Gournay, K, et al.Body dysmorphic disorder. A survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169:196–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Phillips, KA, Menard, W, Fay, C, et al.Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:317–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Veale, D, Riley, S. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the ugliest of them all? The psychopathology of mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39:1381–1393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Saxena, S, Winograd, A, Dunkin, JJ, et al.A retrospective review of clinical characteristics and treatment response in body dysmorphic disorder versus obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Frare, F, Perugi, G, Ruffolo, G, et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19:292–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Didie, ER, Walters, MM, Pinto, A, et al.Comparison of quality of life and psychosocial functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. In press.Google Scholar
29.Gunstad, J, Phillips, KA. Axis I comorbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:270–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Zimmerman, M, Mattia, JI. Body dysmorphic disorder in psychiatric outpatients: recognition, prevalence, comorbidity, demographic, and clinical correlates. Compr Psychiatry. 1998;39:265–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Hollander, E, Cohen, LS, Simeon, D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann. 1993;23:359–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Brawman-Mintzer, O, Lydiard, RB, Phillips, KA, et al.Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders and major depression: a comorbidity study. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1665–1667.Google ScholarPubMed
33.Wilhelm, S, Otto, MW, Zucker, BG, et al.Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 1997;11:499–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Diniz, JB, Rosario-Campos, MC, Shavitt, RG, et al.Impact of age at onset and duration of illness on the expression of comorbidities in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:22–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Phillips, KA, Diaz, S. Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997;185:570–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Phillips, KA, Pagano, ME, Menard, W, et al.A 12-month follow-up study of the course of body disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:907–912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Rief, W, Buhlmann, U, Wilhelm, S, et al.The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychol Med. 2006;36:877–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Faravelli, C, Salvatori, S, Galassi, F, et al.Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: a community survey in Florence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32:24–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Bienvenu, OJ, Samuels, JF, Riddle, MA, et al.The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:287–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Rosen, JC, Reiter, J. Development of the body dysmorphic disorder examination. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:755–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Phillips, KA, Menard, W, Fay, C. Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47:77–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Perugi, G, Akiskal, HS, Giannotti, D, et al.Gender-related differences in body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997;185:578–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Veale, D, Ennis, M, Lambrou, C. Possible association of body dysmorphic disorder with an occupation or education in art and design. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1788–1790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Phillips, KA, Richter, MA, Tharmalingam, S, et al. A preliminary candidate gene study of body dysmorphic disorder. Scientific Abstracts, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 42nd Annual Meeting. San Juan, Puerto Rico: ACNPxx, 2003:157.Google Scholar
45.Rauch, SL, Phillips, KA, Segal, E, et al.A preliminary morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study of regional brain volumes in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2003;122:13–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Peterson, B, Riddle, MA, Cohen, DJ, et al.Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images. Neurology. 1993;43:941–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Singer, HS, Reiss, AL, Brown, JE, et al.Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome. Neurology. 1993;43:950–956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Jenike, MA, Breiter, HC, Baer, L, et al.Cerebral structural abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A quantitative morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:625–632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Breiter, HC, Filipek, PA, Kennedy, DN, et al.Retrocallosal white matter abnormalities in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:663–664.Google ScholarPubMed
50.Carey, P, Seedat, S, Warwick, J, et al.SPECT imaging of body dysmorphic disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;16:357–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Hounie, AG, Pauls, DL, Mercadante, MT, et al.Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in rheumatic fever with and without Sydenham's chorea. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:994–999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Deckersbach, T, Savage, CR, Phillips, KA, et al.Characteristics of memory dysfunction in body dysmorphic disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000;6:673–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Deckersbach, T, Otto, MW, Savage, CR, et al.The relationship between semantic organization and memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2000;69:101–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Hanes, KR. Neuropsychological performance in body dysmorphic disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1998;4:167–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Buhlmann, U, Wilhelm, S, McNally, RJ, et al.Interpretive biases for ambiguous information in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2002;7:435–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Buhlmann, U, McNally, RJ, Etcoff, NL, Tuschen-Caffier, B, Wilhelm, S. Emotion recognition deficits in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2004;38:201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Buhlmann, U, Etcoff, NL, Wilhelm, S. Emotion recognition bias for contempt and anger in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40:105–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Phillips, KA. Psychosis in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2004;38:63–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Core interventions in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder (a guideline from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, National Health Service). London, British Psychiatric Society and Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=289817.Google Scholar
60.Phillips, KA, Najjar, F. An open-label study of citalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:715–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Phillips, KA, Dwight, MM, McElroy, SL. Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:165–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Phillips, KA, Albertini, RS, Rasmussen, SA. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:381–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Hollander, E, Allen, A, Kwon, J, et al.Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:1033–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Perugi, G, Giannotti, D, Di Vaio, S, et al.Fluvoxamine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11:247–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Phillips, KA. Pharmacologic treatment of body dysmorphic disorder: review of the evidence and a recommended treatment approach. CNS Spectr. 2002;7(6):453–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66.Phillips, KA. An open-label study of escitalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21:177–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Phillips, KA. Placebo-controlled study of pimozide augmentation of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:377–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Neziroglu, F, Khemlani-Patel, S. A review of cognitive and behavioral treatment for body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2002;7(6):464–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Gomez Perez, JC. Dysmorphophobia: clinical features and outcome with behavior therapy. Eur Psychiatry. 1994;9:229–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.Marks, I, Mishan, J. Dysmorphophobic avoidance with disturbed bodily perception. A pilot study of exposure therapy. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;152:674–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71.McKay, D, Todaro, J, Neziroglu, F, et al.Body dysmorphic disorder: a preliminary evaluation of treatment and maintenance using exposure with response prevention. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35:67–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Rosen, JC, Reiter, J, Orosan, P. Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63:263–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73.Veale, D, Gournay, K, Dryden, W, et al.Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:717–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Wilhelm, S, Otto, MW, Lohr, B. Cognitive behavior group therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a case series. Behav Res Ther. 1999;37:71–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Phillips, KA, Price, LH, Greenberg, BD, et al.Should DSM's diagnostic groupings be changed? In: Phillips, KA, First, MB, Pincus, H, eds. Advancing DSM: Dilemmas in Psychiatric Diagnosis. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc; 2003:57–84.Google Scholar
76.Eisen, JL, Rasmussen, SA. Obsessive compulsive disorder with psychotic features. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54:373–379.Google ScholarPubMed
77.Phillips, KA, McElroy, SL, Keck, PE Jr, et al.A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1994;30:179–186.Google ScholarPubMed
78.Phillips, KA, Menard, W, Pagano, M, et al.Delusional versus nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder: clinical features and course of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2006;40:95–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79.Kaye, WH, Weltzin, TE, Hsu, L. Relationship between anorexia nervosa and obsessive and compulsive behaviors. Psychiatr Ann. 1997;23:365–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80.Rosenberg, DR, Keshavan, MS. A.E. Bennett Research Award. Toward a neurodevelopmental model of of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:623–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81.Solyom, L, Freeman, RJ, Miles, JE. A comparative psychometric study of anorexia nervosa and obsessive neurosis. Can J Psychiatry. 1982;27:282–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82.Deep, AL, Nagy, LM, Weltzin, TE, et al.Premorbid onset of psychopathology in long-term recovered anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17:291–297.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83.Bulik, CM, Sullivan, PF, Fear, JL, et al.Eating disorders and antecedent anxiety disorders: a controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;96:101–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84.Godart, NT, Flament, MF, Perdereau, F, et al.Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;32:253–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85.Kaye, W, Bulik, C, Thornton, L, et al.Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2215–2221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86.Anderluh, MB, Tchanturia, K, Rabe-Hesketh, S, et al.Childhood obsessive-compulsive personalitiy traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining a broader eating disorder phenotype. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:242–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. text rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.Google Scholar
88.Kaye, W, Strober, M, Jimerson, D. The neurobiology of eating disorders. In: Charney, DS, Nestler, EJ, eds. The Neurobiology of Mental Illness. New York, NY: Oxford Press; 2004:1112–1128.Google Scholar
89.Bulik, CM. Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience. 2005;30:335–339.Google ScholarPubMed
90.Treasure, J, Schmidt, U. Anorexia nervosa. Clinical Evidence. 2004;11:1192–1203.Google Scholar
91.Bastiani, AM, Altemus, M, Pigott, TA, et al.Comparison of obsessions and compulsions in patients with anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:966–969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92.Matsunaga, H, Miyaga, A, Iwasaki, H, et al.A comparison of clinical features among Japanese eating-disordered women with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1999;40:337–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93.Halmi, KA, Sunday, S, Klump, KL, et al.Obsessions and compulsions in anorexia nervosa subtypes. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;33:308–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94.Mazure, CM, Halmi, KA, Sunday, SR, et al.The Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorder Scale: development, use, reliability and validity. J Psychiatr Res. 1994;28:425–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95.Cassin, S, von Ranson, K. Personality and eating disorders: a decade in review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:895–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96.Halmi, K, Tozzi, F, Thornton, L, et al.The relation among perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in indiviudals with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38:371–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
97.Tamburrino, M, Kaufman, R, Hertzer, J. Eating disorder history in women with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1994;49:24–26.Google ScholarPubMed
98.Fahy, TA, Osacar, A, Marks, I. History of eating disorders in female patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 1993;14:439–443.3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99.Rubenstein, C, Pigott, T, L'Heureux, F, et al.A preliminary investigation of the lifetime prevalence of anorexia and bulimia nervosa in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53:309–314.Google ScholarPubMed
100.Pigott, TA, Altemus, M, Rubeinstein, C, et al.Symptoms of eating disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1552–1557.Google ScholarPubMed
101.Bellodi, L, Cavallini, MC, Bertelli, S, et al.Morbidity risk for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in first-degree relatives of patients with eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:563–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102. Bienvenu 0, Samuels, J, Riddle, M, et al.The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:287–293.Google Scholar
103.Mataix-Cols, D, Rosario-Campos, M, Leckman, J. A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:228–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104.Saxena, S. Neuroimaging and the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Fu, C, Senior, C, Russell, T, Weinberger, D, Murray, R, eds. Neuroimaging in Psychiatry. London, UK: Martin Dunitz; 2003:191–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105.Klump, K, Gobrogge, K. A review and primer of molecular genetic studies of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37(suppl):S43–S48: discussion S87-S89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106.Hemmings, S, Stein, D. The current status of association studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2006;29:411–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107.Kaye, W, Wagner, A, Frank, G, et al.Review of brain imaging in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. In: Mitchell, J, Wonderlich, S, Steiger, H, deZwaan, M, eds. AED Annual Review of Eating Disorders, Pt 2. Abingdon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd: 2006:113–130.Google Scholar
108.Wagner, A, Greer, P, Bailer, UF, et al.Normal brain tissue volumes after long-term recovery in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Biol Psych. 2006;59:291–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109.American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Eating Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2006.Google Scholar
110.National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders. London, UK: The British Psychological Society; 2004.Google Scholar
111.Lock, J, le Grange, D. Family-based treatment of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37(suppl):S64–S67: discussion S87-S89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112.Pike, KM, Walsh, BT, Vitousek, K, Wilson, GT, Bauer, J. Cognitive behavior therapy in the posthospitalization treatment of anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:2046–2049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113.Kaye, WH, Nagata, T, Weltzin, TE, et al.Double-blind placebo-controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting and restricting-purging type anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49:644–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114.Walsh, BT, Kaplan, AS, Attia, E, et al.Fluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295:2605–2612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed