Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T15:21:57.771Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Relationship Between Residual Symptoms of Depression and Self-reported Cognitive Impairment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Abstract

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the associations between residual symptoms of depression and specific self-reported symptoms in several cognitive domains.

Methods: The study investigated 117 patients with partially or fully remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) after treatment with antidepressant medications.

Results: Fatigue was significantly associated with inability to focus, alertness, and feeling “blue”; low interest and difficulty with concentration were associated with apathy. No associations were found between deficits in the cognitive domains considered and residual symptoms such as self-blaming, feeling worthless, feeling hopeless, having suicidal thoughts, difficulty with sleep, and lack of appetite.

Conclusion: Among MDD remitted patients endorsing residual symptoms such as fatigue and feeling “blue”, deficits in a range of cognitive domains should be carefully assessed and treated.

Type
Original Research
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Fava, M, Davidson, KG. Definition and epidemiology of treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1996; 19: 179200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Kennedy, N, Paykel, ES, 2004. Residual Symptoms at remission from depression: impact on long-term outcome. J Affect Disord. 2004; 80: 135144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Nierenberg, AA, Keefe, BR, Leslie, VC, et al. Residual symptoms in depressed patients who respond acutely to fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 60: 221225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Paykel, ES, Ramana, R, Cooper, Z, Hayhurst, H, Kerr, J, Barocka, A.Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression. Psychol Med. 1995; 25: 121133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Judd, LL, Schettler, PJ, Akiskal, HS. The prevalence, clinical relevance, and public health significance of subthreshold depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2002; 25: 685698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Hybels, CF, Steffens, DC, McQuoid, DR, Rama Krishnan, KR. Residual symptoms in older patients treated for major depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005; 20: 11961202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Fava, M, Graves, LM, Benazzi, F, et al. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Cognitive and Physical Symptoms During Long-Term Antidepressant Treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67: 17541759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Weiland-Fiedler, P, Erickson, K, Waldeck, T, et al. Evidence for continuing neuropsychological impairments in depression. J Affect Disord. 2004; 82: 253258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Nebes, RD, Pollock, BG, Houck, PR, et al. Persistence of cognitive impairment in geriatric patients following antidepressant treatment; a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with nortriptyline and paroxetine. J Psychiatr Res. 2003; 37: 99108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Majer, M, Ising, M, Kunzel, H, et al. Impaired divided attention predicts delayed response and risk to relapse in subjects with depressive disorders. Psychol Med. 2004; 34: 14531463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.McDermott, LM, Ebmeier, KP. A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. J Affect Disord. 2009; 119: 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Fava, M, Iosifescu, DV, Pedrelli, P, Baer, L.Reliability and validity of the MGH Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ). Psychother Psychosom. 2009; 78: 9197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Baer, L, Jacobs, DG, Meszler-reizes, J, et al. Development of a brief screening instrument: the HANDS. Psychother Psychosom. 2000; 69: 3541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Baldwin, DS, Papakostas, GI. Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67: 915.Google ScholarPubMed
15.Marin, RS. Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991; 3: 243254.Google Scholar
16.Stage, KO, Reynolds, CF III, Frank, E, et al. Effect of continuation treatment on residual symptoms in late-life depression: How well is “well”. Depress Anxiety. 19961997; 4: 312319.Google Scholar
17.Pedersen, KF, Larsen, JP, Alves, G, Aarsland, D.Prevalence and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease: a community-based study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009; 15: 295299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Starkstein, SE, Manes, F.Apathy and depression following stroke. CNS Spectr. 2000; 5: 4350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Starkstein, SE, Mizrahi, R, Power, BD. Depression in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008; 20: 382388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Figved, N, Benedict, R, Klevan, G, et al. Relationship of cognitive impairment to psychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008; 14: 10841090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Zgaljardic, DJ, Borod, JC, Foldi, NS, et al. Relationship Between Self-reported Apathy and Executive Dysfunction in Nondemented Patients With Parkinson Disease. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2007; 20: 184192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed