Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T06:46:50.461Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Montreal cognitive assessment for evaluating cognitive impairment in Huntington’s disease: a systematic review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2020

Elena Cecilia Rosca Open the ORCID record for Elena Cecilia Rosca [Opens in a new window]  and
Mihaela Simu
Elena Cecilia Rosca*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
Mihaela Simu
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
*
*Author for correspondence: Elena Cecilia Rosca, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective

This study aims to systematically review evidence of the accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for evaluating the presence of cognitive impairment in patients with Huntington’s disease (HD) and to outline the quality and quantity of research evidence available about the use of the MoCA in this population.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review, searching four databases from inception until April 2020.

Results

We identified 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria: two case–control studies comparing the MoCA to a battery of tests, three studies comparing MoCA to Mini-Mental State Examination, two studies estimating the prevalence of cognitive impairment in individuals with HD and 19 studies or clinical trials in which the MoCA was used as an instrument for the cognitive assessment of participants with HD. We found no cross-sectional studies in which participants received the index test (MoCA) and a reference standard diagnostic assessment composed of an extensive neuropsychological battery. The publication period ranged from 2010 to 2020.

Conclusions

In patients with HD, the MoCA provides information about disturbances in general cognitive function. Even if the MoCA demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity when used at the recommended threshold score of 26, further cross-sectional studies are required to examine the optimum cutoff score for detecting cognitive impairments in patients with HD. Moreover, more studies are necessary to determine whether the MoCA adequately assesses cognitive status in individuals with HD.

Keywords

Huntington’s diseasecognitionscreeningMontreal Cognitive Assessmentsystematic review
Type
Review
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , February 2022 , pp. 27 - 45
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Huntington, G. On chorea. Med Surg Rep. 1872;26:320–321.Google Scholar
Morrison, PJ, Harding-Lester, S, Bradley, A. Uptake of Huntington disease predictive testing in a complete population. Clin Genet. 2011;80:281–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, SJ, Douglas, I, Rawlins, MD, Wexler, NS, Tabrizi, SJ, Smeeth, L. Prevalence of adult Huntington’s disease in the UK based on diagnoses recorded in general practice records. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:1156–1160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, ER, Hayden, MR. Multisource ascertainment of Huntington disease in Canada: prevalence and population at risk. Mov Disord. 2014;29:105–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rawlins, MD, Wexler, NS, Wexler, AR, et al. The Prevalence of Huntington’s Disease. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;46(2):144–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, GP, Dorsey, R, Gusella, JF, et al. Huntington disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, PJ. Prevalence estimates of Huntington disease in Caucasian populations are gross underestimates. Mov Disord. 2012;27:1707–1709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramos-Arroyo, MA, Moreno, S, Valiente, A. Incidence and mutation rates of Huntington’s disease in Spain: experience of 9 years of direct genetic testing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:337–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squitieri, F, Andrew, SE, Goldberg, YP, et al. DNA haplotype analysis of Huntington disease reveals clues to the origins and mechanisms of CAG expansion and reasons for geographic variations of prevalence. Hum Mol Genet. 1994;3(12):2103–2114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, MR, MacGregor, JM, Beighton, PH. The prevalence of Huntington’s chorea in South Africa. South Afr Med J. 1980;58:193–196.Google ScholarPubMed
Baine, FK, Krause, A, Greenberg, LJ. The frequency of Huntington disease and Huntington disease-like 2 in the South African population. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;46(3):198–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duff, K, Paulsen, JS, Beglinger, LJ, et al. “Frontal” behaviors before the diagnosis of Huntington’s disease and their relationship to markers of disease progression: evidence of early lack of awareness. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;22(2):196–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Julayanont, P, McFarland, NR, Heilman, KM. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia in motor manifest Huntington’s disease: classification and prevalence. J Neurol Sci. 2020;408:116523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabrizi, SJ, Scahill, RI, Durr, A, et al. Biological and clinical changes in premanifest and early stage Huntington’s disease in the TRACK-HD study: the 12-month longitudinal analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(1):31–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stout, JC, Jones, R, Labuschagne, I, et al. Evaluation of longitudinal 12 and 24 month cognitive outcomes in premanifest and early Huntington’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psichiatry. 2012;83(7):687–694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabrizi, SJ, Scahill, RI, Owen, G, et al. Predictors of phenotypic progression and disease onset in premanifest and early-stage Huntington’s disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 36-month observational data. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(7):637–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aretouli, E, Brandt, J. Episodic memory in dementia: characteristics of new learning that differentiate Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2010;25:396–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peavy, GM, Jacobson, MW, Goldstein, JL, et al. Cognitive and functional decline in Huntington’s disease: dementia criteria revisited. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1163–1169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stout, JC, Carlozzi, NE, Queller, S, et al. Candidates for neurocognitive markers in pre-HD: longitudinal assessment from the predict-HD cohort. Neurotherapeutics. 2008;5(2):372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulsen, JS. Cognitive impairment in Huntington disease: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2011;11(5):474–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampaio, C, Borowsky, B. Cognitive impairment and dementia (mild or major neurocognitive disorder) in Huntington’s disease. In: Reichmann, H, eds. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Movement Disorders. Cham: Springer; 2015. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Neurological Disease.Google Scholar
Harrington, DL, Smith, MM, Zhang, Y, et al. Cognitive domains that predict time to diagnosis in prodromal Huntington disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(6):612–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snowden, JS, Craufurd, D, Griffiths, HL, Thompson, J. Longitudinal evaluation of cognitive disorder in Huntington’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001;7:33–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stout, JC, Paulsen, JS, Queller, S, et al. Neurocognitive signs in prodromal Huntington disease. Neuropsychology. 2011;25(1):1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabrizi, SJ, Reilmann, R, Roos, RA, et al. Potential endpoints for clinical trials in premanifest and early Huntington’s disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 24 month observational data. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:42–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, LH, Rogers, RD, Lawrence, AD, Sahakian, BJ, Rosser, AE, Robbins, TW. Impaired planning but intact decision making in early Huntington’s disease: implications for specific fronto-striatal pathology. Neuropsychologia. 2000;38:1112–1125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Unschuld, PG, Liu, X, Shanahan, M, et al. Prefrontal executive function associated coupling relates to Huntington’s disease stage. Cortex. 2013;49:2661–2673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulsen, JS, Salmon, DP, Monsch, AU, Butters, N, Swanson, MR, Bondi, MW. Discrimination of cortical from subcortical dementias on the basis of memory and problem-solving tests. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51:48–58.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgiou, N, Bradshaw, JL, Phillips, JG, Bradshaw, JA, Chiu, E. The Simon effect and attention deficits in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome and Huntington’s disease. Brain. 1995;118:1305–1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pillon, B, Deweer, B, Agid, Y, Dubois, B. Explicit memory in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:374–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butters, N, Salmon, D, Heindel, WC. Specificity of the memory deficits associated with basal ganglia function. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1994;150:580–587.Google Scholar
Lundervold, AJ, Reinvang, I, Lundervold, A. Characteristic patterns of verbal memory function in patients with Huntington’s disease. Scand J Psychol. 1994;35:38–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, J, Bylsma, FW, Aylward, EH, Rothlind, J, Gow, CA. Impaired source memory in Huntington’s disease and its relation to basal ganglia atrophy. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1995;17:868–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicoll, DR, Pirogovsky, E, Woods, SP, et al. “Forgetting to remember” in Huntington’s disease: a study of laboratory, semi-naturalistic, and self-perceptions of prospective memory. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20:192–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snowden, JS. The neuropsychology of Huntington’s disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;32(7):876–887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gabrieli, JDE, Stebbins, GT, Singh, J, Willingham, DB, Goetz, CG. Intact mirror-tracing and impaired rotary-pursuit skill learning in patients with Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology. 1997;11:272–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, JC, Poliakoff, E, Sollom, AC, et al. Automaticity and attention in Huntington’s disease: when two hands are not better than one. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48:171–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohrer, D, Salmon, DP, Wixted, JT, Paulsen, JS. The disparate effects of Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease on semantic memory. Neuropsychology. 1999;13:381–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, JD, Crawford, JR, Phillips, LH. A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology. 2005;19:243–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachoud-Lévi, AC, Ferreira, J, Massart, R, et al. International guidelines for the treatment of Huntington’s disease. Front Neurol. 2019;10:710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, AD, Watkins, LH, Sahakian, BJ, Hodges, JR, Robbins, TW. Visual object and visuospatial cognition in Huntington’s disease: implications for information processing in corticostriatal circuits. Brain. 2000;123(7):1349–1364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beste, C, Saft, C, Andrich, J, Müller, T, Gold, R, Falkenstein, M. Time processing in Huntington’s disease: a group-control study. PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e1263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cope, TE, Grube, M, Singh, B, Burn, DJ, Griffiths, TD. The basal ganglia in perceptual timing: timing performance in Multiple System Atrophy and Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 2014;52:73–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brouwers, P, Cox, C, Martin, A, Chase, T, Fedio, P. Differential perceptuo-spatial impairment in Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s dementias. Arch Neurol. 1984;41:1073–1076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, AD, Sahakian, BJ, Hodges, JR, Rosser, AE, Lange, KW, Robbins, TW. Executive and mnemonic functions in early Huntington’s disease. Brain. 1996;119:1343–1355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez Tortosa, E, del Barrio, A, Barroso, T, Garcia Ruiz, PJ. Visual processing disorders in patients with Huntington’s disease and asymptomatic carriers. J Neurol. 1996;243:286–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bamford, KA, Caine, ED, Kido, DK, Plassche, WM, Shoulson, I. Clinical-pathologic correlation in Huntington’s disease: a neuropsychological and computed tomography study. Neurology. 1989;39:796–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, E, Brouwers, P, Claus, JJ, Mann, UM, Fedio, P, Chase, TN. Visuospatial cognition in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 1991;6:127–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bylsma, FW, Brandt, J, Strauss, ME. Personal and extrapersonal orientation in Huntington’s disease patients and those at risk. Cortex. 1992;28:113–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labuschagne, I, Mulick Cassidy, A, Schahill, RI, et al. Visuospatial processing deficits linked to posterior brain regions in premanifest and early stage Huntington’s disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016;22:595–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papoutsi, M, Labuschagne, I, Tabrizi, SJ, Stout, JC. The cognitive burden in Huntington’s disease: pathology, phenotype, and mechanisms of compensation. Mov Disord. 2014;29:673–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mestre, TA, van Duijn, E, Davis, AM, et al. Rating scales for behavioral symptoms in Huntington’s disease: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2016;31(10):1466–1478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasreddine, ZS, Phillips, NA, Bedirian, V, et al. The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, AS, Fimm, B, Friesen, P, et al. Alternate-form reliability of the Montreal cognitive assessment screening test in a clinical setting. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;33(6):379–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ismail, Z, Rajji, TK, Shulman, KI. Brief cognitive screening instruments: an update. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(2):111–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koski, L, Xie, H, Finch, L. Measuring cognition in a geriatric outpatient clinic: Rasch analysis of the Montreal cognitive assessment. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2009;22:151–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freitas, S, Simoes, MR, Alves, L, Santana, I. Montreal cognitive assessment: validation study for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2013;27(1):37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoops, S, Nazem, S, Siderowf, AD, et al. Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2009;73(21):1738–1745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lees, R, Selvarajah, J, Fenton, C, et al. Test accuracy of cognitive screening tests for diagnosis of dementia and multidomain cognitive impairment in stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(10):3008–3018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, DH, Creavin, ST, Yip, JL, Noel-Storr, AH, Brayne, C, Cullum, S. Montreal cognitive assessment for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;10:CD010775.Google Scholar
Carson, N, Leach, L, Murphy, KJ. A re-examination of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) cutoff scores. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(2):379–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosca, EC, Albarqouni, L, Simu, M. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychol Rev. 2019;29(3):313–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banaszkiewicz, K, Sitek, EJ, Rudzińska, M, et al. Huntington’s disease from the patient, caregiver and physician’s perspectives: three sides of the same coin? J Neural Transm. 2012;119(11):1361–1365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, JM, Salmon, DP, Corey-Bloom, J, et al. Behavioural abnormalities contribute to functional decline in Huntington’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(1):120–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, AK, Hocaoglu, MB, European Huntington’s Disease Network Quality of Life Working Group. Impact of Huntington disease across the entire disease spectrum: the phases and stages of disease from the patient perspective. Clin Genet. 2011;80:235–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaccarino, AL, Sills, T, Anderson, KE, et al. Assessment of cognitive symptoms in prodromal and early Huntington disease. PLoS Curr. 2011;3:RRN1250.Google ScholarPubMed
Beglinger, LJ, Adams, WH, Paulson, H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of atomoxetine for cognitive dysfunction in early Huntington disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(5):484–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handbook for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Reviews. https://methods.cochrane.org/sdt/handbook-dta-reviews. Accessed April 18, 2020.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, DH, Creavin, ST, Noel-Storr, A, et al. Neuropsychological tests for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias: a generic protocol for cross-sectional and delayed-verification studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;3:CD010460.Google Scholar
Mickes, L, Jacobson, M, Peavy, G, et al. A comparison of two brief screening measures of cognitive impairment in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25(13):2229–2233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Videnovic, A, Bernard, B, Fan, W, Jaglin, J, Leurgans, S, Shannon, KM. The Montreal cognitive assessment as a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25:401–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrara, JM, Mostile, G, Hunter, C, Adam, OR, Jankovic, J. Effect of tetrabenazine on motor function in patients with Huntington disease. Neurol Ther. 2012;1(1):5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, SS, Jankovic, J, Hood, AJ, Jeter, CB, Sereno, AB. Reflexive and volitional saccades: biomarkers of Huntington disease severity and progression. J Neurol Sci. 2012;313(1–2):35–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Unschuld, PG, Edden, RA, Carass, A, et al. Brain metabolite alterations and cognitive dysfunction in early Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27(7):895–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bezdicek, O, Majerova, V, Novak, M, Nikolai, T, Ruzicka, E, Roth, J. Validity of the Montreal cognitive assessment in the detection of cognitive dysfunction in Huntington’s disease. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2013;20(1):33–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gluhm, S, Goldstein, J, Brown, D, Van Liew, C, Gilbert, PE, Corey-Bloom, J. Usefulness of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord. 2013;28:1744–1747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toh, EA, MacAskill, MR, Dalrymple-Alford, JC, et al. Comparison of cognitive and UHDRS measures in monitoring disease progression in Huntington’s disease: a 12-month longitudinal study. Transl Neurodegener. 2014;3:15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornejo-Olivas, MR, Inca-Martinez, MA, Espinoza-Huertas, K, et al. Clinical and molecular features of late onset Huntington disease in a Peruvian Cohort. J Huntingtons Dis. 2015;4(1):99–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, JV, Boyd, JT, Hogarth, P, Horak, FB. Domains and correlates of clinical balance impairment associated with Huntington’s disease. Gait Posture. 2015;41(3):867–870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huntington Study Group Reach2HD Investigators. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of PBT2 in Huntington’s disease: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(1):39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Liew, C, Santoro, MS, Goldstein, J, Gluhm, S, Gilbert, PE, Corey-Bloom, J. Evaluating recall and recognition memory using the Montreal cognitive assessment: applicability for Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2016;31(8):658–663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Azevedo PC, , Guimarães, RP, Piccinin, CC, et al. Cerebellar gray matter alterations in Huntington disease: a voxel-based morphometry study. Cerebellum. 2017;16:923–928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagravinese, G, Avanzino, L, Raffo De Ferrari, A, et al. Theory of mind is impaired in mild to moderate Huntington’s disease independently from Global Cognitive Functioning. Front Psychol. 2017;8:80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saba, RA, Yared, JH, Doring, TM, Phys, M, Borges, V, Ferraz, HB. Diffusion tensor imaging of brain white matter in Huntington gene mutation individuals. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2017;75(8):503–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zitser, J, Thaler, A, Inbar, N, et al. Two ethnic clusters with Huntington disease in Israel: the case of Mountain Jews and Karaites. Neurodegener Dis. 2017;17(6):281–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papoutsi, M, Weiskopf, N, Langbehn, D, Reilmann, R, Rees, G, Tabrizi, SJ. Stimulating neural plasticity with real-time fMRI neurofeedback in Huntington’s disease: a proof of concept study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;39(3):1339–1353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sousa, M, Moreira, F, Jesus-Ribeiro, J, et al. Apathy profile in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease: a comparative cross-sectional study. Eur Neurol. 2018;79(1–2):13–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Unti, E, Mazzucchi, S, Frosini, D, et al. Social cognition and oxytocin in Huntington’s disease: new insights. Brain Sci. 2018;8:161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson-Clement, C, Letanneux, A, Baille, G, et al. Psychosocial impact of dysarthria: the patient-reported outcome as part of the clinical management. Neurodegener Dis. 2019;19:12–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayliss, L, Galvez, V, Ochoa-Morales, A, et al. Theory of mind impairment in Huntington’s disease patients and their relatives. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2019;77(8):574–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manor, Y, Oestreicher-Kedem, Y, Gad, A, et al. Dysphagia characteristics in Huntington’s disease patients: insights from the Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing and the Swallowing Disturbances Questionnaire. CNS Spectr. 2019;24(4):413–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purcell, NL, Goldman, JG, Ouyang, B, Bernard, B, O’Keefe, JA. The effects of dual-task cognitive interference and environmental challenges on balance in Huntington’s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2019;6(3):202–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaca-Palomares, I, Brien, DC, Coe, BC, et al. Implicit learning impairment identified via predictive saccades in Huntington’s disease correlates with extended cortico-striatal atrophy. Cortex. 2019;121:89–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valdés Hernández, MDC, Abu-Hussain, J, Qiu, X, et al. Structural neuroimaging differentiates vulnerability from disease manifestation in colombian families with Huntington’s disease. Brain Behav. 2019;9(8):e01343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yitzhak, N, Gurevich, T, Inbar, N, et al. Recognition of emotion from subtle and non-stereotypical dynamic facial expressions in Huntington’s disease. Cortex. 2020;126:343–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whiting, P, Rutjes, AW, Reitsma, JB, Glas, AS, Bossuyt, PM, Kleijnen, J. Sources of variation and bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:189–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gisslen, M, Price, RW, Nilsson, S. The definition of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: are we overestimating the real prevalence? BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litvan, I, Goldman, JG, Tröster, AI, et al. Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Mov Disord. 2012;27(3):349–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, AC, Boscardin, WJ, Kwasa, JK, Price, RW. Is it time to rethink how neuropsychological tests are used to diagnose mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders? Impact of false-positive rates on prevalence and power. Neuroepidemiology. 2013;4(3–4):208–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalrymple-Alford, JC, Livingston, L, MacAskill, MR, et al. Characterizing mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26:629–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tierney, SM, Sheppard, DP, Kordovski, VM, Faytell, MP, Avci, G, Woods, SP. A comparison of the sensitivity, stability, and reliability of three diagnostic schemes for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol. 2017;23(3):404–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larner, AJ, Julayanont, P, Phillips, N, Chertkow, H, Nasreddine, Z. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): concept and clinical review. In: Cognitive Screening Instruments. London: Springer; 2013:111–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bezdıcek, O, Balabanova, P, Havrankova, P, Stochl, J, Roth, J, Ruzicka, E. Comparison of the Czech version of the Montreal cognitive assessment test with the mini-mental state examination in identifying cognitive deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Czech Slov Neurol N. 2010;73:150–156.Google Scholar