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Is there enough “interest in and pleasure in” the concept of depression? The development of the Leuven Affect and Pleasure Scale (LAPS)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2017

Koen Demyttenaere ,
Philippe Mortier ,
Glenn Kiekens  and
Ronny Bruffaerts
Koen Demyttenaere*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, University of Leuven; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Philippe Mortier
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, University of Leuven; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Glenn Kiekens
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, University of Leuven; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Ronny Bruffaerts
Affiliation:
Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, University of Leuven; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
*
*Address for correspondence: K. Demyttenaere, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Objective

Presence of negative mood (depressed mood) and anhedonia (lack of interest and pleasure) are considered core symptoms of depression, while absence of positive mood is not taken into account. It is therefore remarkable that the depression scales routinely used to assess changes during antidepressant treatment (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS], Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS]) do not really take into account anhedonia. Several scales were developed to assess positive mood and hedonic tone, but they only partially cover the multidimensional concept. Therefore we developed a new 16-item questionnaire, the Leuven Affect and Pleasure Scale (LAPS), to assess negative affect, positive affect, and hedonic tone.

Methods

This first article on the LAPS questionnaire reports on the correlations between the different items, on the factor analysis, and on the differences found in 3 groups of subjects : healthy college students (N=138), depressed but still functioning college students (N=27), and severely depressed inpatients (N=38). These differences were calculated using univariate general linear models with Bonferroni post-hoc testing, and effect sizes were expressed in η2.

Results

Negative and positive affect were only moderately correlated, and the 4 independent variables (cognitive functioning, overall functioning, meaningful life, and happiness) had stronger correlations with positive affect than with negative affect. The major difference in negative affect was between healthy college students and depressed college students, positive affect was different between the 3 groups, and the major difference for hedonic tone was between depressed college students and depressed inpatients. Affiliative positive affect and the affiliative hedonic function were well preserved, even in depressed inpatients.

Conclusions

This preliminary report suggests that the LAPS offers a comprehensive assessment of negative and positive affect, of hedonic tone, and of independent variables (cognitive functioning, overall functioning, meaningful life, and happiness). Clinically relevant differences in subscores were found in 3 groups of subjects with variable levels of depression (healthy subjects, mildly depressed subjects, and severely depressed inpatients).

Keywords

Anhedoniadepressioninterestnegative affectpleasurepositive affect
Type
Original Research
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , April 2019 , pp. 265 - 274
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2017 

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