Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-mwx4w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-30T20:38:12.747Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

How We See Others: The Psychobiology of Schemas and Transference

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Dan J. Stein
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Social cognition involves automatic and stimulus-driven processes; these may be important in mediating stereotypes in the community and schemas and transference in the clinic setting. Significant differences in self-related processing and other-related processing may also lead to important biases in our view of the other. The psychobiology of social cognition is gradually being delineated, and may be useful in understanding these phenomena, and in responding appropriately. In the clinic, schemas can be rigorously assessed, and schema-focused psychotherapy may be useful in a number of indications.

Type
Pearls in Clinical Neuroscience
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , January 2009 , pp. 10 - 14
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Westen, D. Transference and information-processing. Clin Psychol Rev. 1988;8:161–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Westen, D, Gabbard, GO. Developments in cognitive neuroscience: II. Implications for theories of transference. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2002;50:99–134.Google Scholar
3.Levin, FM. Integrating some mind and brain views of transference: the phenomena. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1997;45:1121–1151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Horowitz, MJ, ed. Person Schemas and Maladaptive Interpersonal Patterns. Chicago, Ill: Chicago University Press; 1991.Google Scholar
5.Stein, DJ. Psychoanalysis and cognitive science: contrasting models of the mind. J Am Acad Psychoanal. 1992;20:543–559.Google Scholar
6.Stein, DJ. Cognitive Science and the Unconscious. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997.Google Scholar
7.Adolphs, R. The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11:231–239.Google Scholar
8.Mitchell, JP. Contributions of functional neuroimaging to the study of social cognition. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008;17:142–146.Google Scholar
9.Phelps, EA, Thomas, LA. Race, behavior, and the brain: the role of neuroimaging in understanding complex social behaviors. Political Psychology. 2003;24:747–758.Google Scholar
10.Stanley, D, Phelps, E, Banaji, M. The neural basis of implicit attitudes. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008;17:164–170.Google Scholar
11.Adolphs, R. The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60:693–716.Google Scholar
12.Quadflieg, S, Turk, DJ, Waiter, GD, Mitchell, JP. Jenkins, AC, Macrae, CN. Exploring the neural correlates of social stereotyping. J Cogn Neurosci. 2008 Aug 27. [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
13.Luo, Q, Nakic, M, Wheatley, T, Richell, R, Martin, A, Blair, RJ. The neural basis of implicit moral attitude—an IAT study using event-related fMRI. Neuroimage. 2006;30:1449–1457.Google Scholar
14.Knutson, KM, Mah, L, Manly, CF, Grafman, J. Neural correlates of automatic beliefs about gender and race. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007;28:915–930.Google Scholar
15.Mitchell, JP, Ames, DL, Jenkins, AC, Banaji, MR. Neural correlates of stereotype application. J Cogn Neurosci. 2008 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
16.Mitchell, JP, Heatherton, TF, Macrae, CN. Distinct neural systems subserve person and object knowledge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:15238–15243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Mason, MF, Banfield, JF, Macrae, CN. Thinking about actions: the neural substrates of person knowledge. Cereb Cortex. 2004;14:209–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Harris, LT, McClure, SM, van den Bos, W, Cohen, JD, Fiske, ST. Regions of the MPFC differentially tuned to social and nonsocial affective evaluation. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2007;7:309–316.Google Scholar
19.Pfeifer, JH, Lieberman, MD, Dapretto, M. “I know you are but what am I?!”: neural bases of self- and social knowledge retrieval in children and adults. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007;19:1323–1337.Google Scholar
20.Stein, DJ. What is the self? A psychobiological perspective. CNS Spectr. 2007;12:333–336.Google Scholar
21.Stein, DJ. Empathy: at the heart of the mind. CNS Spectr. 2005;10:280–283.Google Scholar
22.Jenkins, AC, Macrae, CN, Mitchell, JP. Repetition suppression of ventromedial prefrontal activity during judgments of self and others. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:4507–4512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Mitchell, JP, Macrae, CN, Banaji, MR. Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others. Neuron. 2006;50:655–663.Google Scholar
24.Pronin, E. How we see ourselves and how we see others. Science. 2008;320:1177–1180.Google Scholar
25.Young, JE. Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange; 1994.Google Scholar
26.Bigler, RS, Liben, LS. Developmental intergroup theory: explaining and reducing children's social stereotyping and prejudice. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2007;16:162–166.Google Scholar
27.Riso, LP, du Toit, PL, Stein, DJ, Young, JE. Cognitive Schemas and Core Beliefs in Psychological Problems: A Scientist-Practitioner Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Duchaine, B, Cosmides, L, Tooby, J. Evolutionary psychology and the brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11:225–230.Google Scholar
29.Roth, G, Wullimann, MF. Brain Evolution and Cognition. New York, NY: John Wiley; 2000.Google Scholar
30.Rumelhart, DE, Smolensky, P, McClelland, JL, Hinton, GE. Schemata and sequential thought processes in PDP models. In: McClelland, JL, Rumelhart, DE, eds. Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. vol 2. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 1986:7–57.Google Scholar
31.Price, JS. Hypothesis: the dominance hierarchy and the evolution of mental illness. Lancet. 1967;2:243–246.Google Scholar
32.Draper, P, Belsky, J. Personality development in evolutionary perspective. J Pers. 1990;58:141–161.Google Scholar
33.Buss, DM. Evolutionary personality psychology. Annu Rev Psychol. 1991;45:459–491.Google Scholar
34.Fazio, RH, Olson, MA. Implicit measures in social cognition research: their meaning and use. Annu Rev Psychol. 2003;54:297–327.Google Scholar
35.Horvath, AO, Greenberg, LS. Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. J Couns Psychol. 1989;36:223–233.Google Scholar
36.Hatcher, RL, Gillaspy, JA. Development and validation of a revised short version of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychotherapy Research. 2006;16:12–25.Google Scholar
37.Zorn, P, Roder, V, Muller, DR, et al.Schema focused emotive behavioural therapy (‘SET’): a randomised controlled trial on patients with cluster B and C personality disorders [German]. Verhaltenstherapie. 2007;17:233–241.Google Scholar
38.Giesen-Bloo, J, van Dyck, R, Spinhoven, P, et al.Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:649–658.Google Scholar
39.Hahusseau, S, Pélissolo, A. Behavior and cognitive therapies focused on The Young Personality Disorders Schemas: a pilot study of 14 cases [French]. Encephale. 2006;32(pt 1):298–304.Google Scholar
40.Zanarini, MC. Update on pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2004;6:66–70.Google Scholar
41.Gerber, AJ, Peterson, BS. Measuring transference phenomena with fMRI. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2006;54:1319–1325.Google Scholar
42.Beutel, ME, Stern, E, Silbersweig, DA. The emerging dialogue between psychoanalysis and neuroscience: neuroimaging perspectives. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2003;51:773–801.Google Scholar
43.Stein, DJ, Carey, PD, Warwick, J. Beauty and the beast: psychobiologic and evolutionary perspectives on body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2006;11:419–422.Google Scholar