Introduction
Major depressive disorder (MDD) in older adults is a growing public health concern as the global population ages. The United Nations estimates that 16.9% of the world’s population was aged 55 or older in 2015. 1 By 2050, this is projected to exceed 27% of the global population. 1 Global estimates suggest that MDD affects almost 7% of the individuals aged 60 years or older worldwide and accounts for 5.7% of years lived with disability. 2 Trends are similar in the United States; in 2012, 14% of the US population was over 65 and 26% was over 55 years of age. 3 By 2030, more than 20% of Americans are expected to be over 65 years old.Reference Colby and Ortman 4 Two analyses of nationally representative samples recently found that Americans aged 55 years or older had 12-month prevalence of MDD between 4.0% and 5.6%.Reference Reynolds, Pietrzak, El-Gabalawy, Mackenzie and Sareen 5 , Reference Byers, Yaffe, Covinsky, Friedman and Bruce 6 When MDD prevalence was stratified by 10-year age intervals within this older US population, the highest prevalence was found in the subgroup aged 55 to 64 years (6.2% and 7.4%), and declined in older age groups.Reference Reynolds, Pietrzak, El-Gabalawy, Mackenzie and Sareen 5 , Reference Byers, Yaffe, Covinsky, Friedman and Bruce 6 The 12-month prevalence was also found to be higher for women than for men.Reference Reynolds, Pietrzak, El-Gabalawy, Mackenzie and Sareen 5 , Reference Byers, Yaffe, Covinsky, Friedman and Bruce 6
Diagnosis of MDD in older patients carries a high risk of comorbid psychiatric and nonpsychiatric illnesses. These patients also report lower quality of lifeReference Lin, Huang and Wang 7 and higher health care expenditures than non-depressed elderly.Reference Zivin, Wharton and Rostant 8 , Reference Bock, Luppa and Brettschneider 9 In the US, patients aged 55 years or older with MDD were 4 times more likely to experience another mood disorder and more than twice as likely to experience an anxiety disorder during 3 years of study follow-up when compared with individuals with no depression.Reference Laborde-Lahoz, El-Gabalawy and Kinley 10 They were also more than 3.5 times as likely to attempt suicide during follow-up.Reference Laborde-Lahoz, El-Gabalawy and Kinley 10 MDD in older individuals is associated with substantial disability related to cognitive dysfunctionReference Lin, Huang and Wang 7 , Reference Steffens, Fisher, Langa, Potter and Plassman 11 – Reference Bhalla, Butters and Becker 13 and functional impairment.Reference Callahan, Wolinsky and Stump 14 , Reference Hybels, Pieper, Payne and Steffens 15
Sinnige et al Reference Sinnige, Korevaar and Westert 16 reported that 82% of patients aged 55 years or older diagnosed with MDD were also diagnosed with at least 2 other chronic diseases, with an average of 3 co-occurring diseases (including MDD). The likelihood of having depression increases with the number of chronic conditions, regardless of age.Reference Sinnige, Korevaar and Westert 16 , Reference Gunn, Ayton and Densley 17 A recent analysis of electronic health records from patients seen in a primary care practice found that the contribution of chronic diseases to the risk of MDD differed somewhat by age. Individuals aged 46–60 years with MDD were significantly more likely to have ischemic heart disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7–3.5), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6–2.8), asthma (OR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2–2.4), and rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis (OR 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2–1.9) than age-matched controls. Among patients with MDD who were aged >60 years, there was an increased risk of stroke (OR 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4–2.7), heart failure (OR 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6–3.0), and rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis (OR 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3–1.8).Reference Ryu, Chamberlain and Pendegraft 18 In addition, all-cause mortality rates are higher in older patients with depression than those without, independent of comorbid illnesses. In a longitudinal cohort analysis, after adjustment for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, the risk of mortality in individuals with depression was found to be 1.75 times higher than in individuals without depression during a 2-year follow-up interval.Reference Gallo, Bogner and Morales 19
Data to guide antidepressant prescribing in patients aged older than 55 are limited, with ongoing clinical research being conducted to identify potential predictors of clinical response in this patient population.Reference Calati, Salvina Signorelli and Balestri 20 – Reference Pae, Wang and Han 22 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are generally considered safe and well tolerated in older patients. However, potential side effects are not entirely benign. SSRIs, particularly citalopram, have been associated with cardiac arrhythmias, especially at higher doses.Reference Sultana, Spina and Trifirò 23 – 25 A 10-year study showed a dose-dependent association between use of SSRIs or SNRIs and fragility fracture (hazard ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.48–2.39) after adjusting for a higher propensity for falls and other risk factors in this population.Reference Moura, Bernatsky and Abrahamowicz 26 In addition, SSRIs and SNRIs are recommended to be used with caution in older patients with diminished kidney function to avoid hyponatremia.Reference Giorlando, Teister, Dodd, Udina and Berk 27 It is, however, unknown whether these warnings should be considered class-related for patients older than 55, or precautions for consideration when managing these patients.
Two meta-analysesReference Tedeschini, Levkovitz and Iovieno 28 , Reference Nelson, Delucchi and Schneider 29 assessed the efficacy of antidepressants in late-life depression, defined as aged ≥55 years and ≥60 years, respectively. Results from both suggested that antidepressants are effective in older patients, but that efficacy diminishes with age. Vortioxetine safety and efficacy have been evaluated in an 8-week, short-term, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (NCT00811252) conducted specifically in patients aged ≥65 years with moderate-to-severe MDD (mean baseline Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] total score ~30).Reference Katona, Hansen and Olsen 30 In that trial (N=453), vortioxetine significantly improved depression symptoms (treatment difference versus placebo in change from baseline in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale–24 item [HAM-D24] total score, −3.3; P<0.0011) at Week 8. Vortioxetine was safe and well tolerated in this age group.
Vortioxetine was approved in 2013 in the US for the treatment of adults with MDD and in the European Union for the treatment of a major depressive episode (MDE) in adults. The mechanism of action of vortioxetine is related to its multimodal activity, which combines 2 pharmacological actions: direct modulation of receptor activity and inhibition of the serotonin (5-HT) transporter. In addition to inhibiting the 5-HT transporter, vortioxetine is an antagonist at 5-HT3, 5-HT7, and 5-HT1D receptors; a partial agonist at 5-HT1B receptors; and an agonist at 5-HT1A receptors.Reference Bang-Andersen, Ruhland and Jorgensen 31 – Reference Westrich, Pehrson and Zhong 33
To evaluate vortioxetine in a larger population of patients with late-life depression, these post hoc analyses used data from 12 short-term, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose studies in MDD of up to 8 weeks’ duration, including study NCT00811252.Reference Katona, Hansen and Olsen 30 , Reference Alvarez, Perez, Dragheim, Loft and Artigas 34 – Reference Mahableshwarkar, Jacobsen, Serenko, Chen and Trivedi 44 These analyses assessed vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day in the population of individuals aged 55 years or older.
Methods
Twelve randomized, short-term (6 or 8 weeks), fixed-dose, placebo-controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis, and the study designs are summarized in Table 1, including treatment period and dosing information. Details of the individual studies have been published in peer-reviewed journals.Reference Katona, Hansen and Olsen 30 , Reference Alvarez, Perez, Dragheim, Loft and Artigas 34 – Reference Mahableshwarkar, Jacobsen, Serenko, Chen and Trivedi 44 All studies were designed, conducted, and reported in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki 45 and in compliance with the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. 46
Table 1 Summary characteristics of the 12 short-term, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled studies of vortioxetine in patients with MDD included in the meta-analysis (APTS)
a Mean (standard deviation) age for the total population (all treatment groups combined).
b Individuals randomized to vortioxetine 15 and 20 mg received vortioxetine 10 mg for the first week, and those randomized to duloxetine 60 mg received duloxetine 30 mg for the first week. The assigned study dose was administered thereafter.
Patients receiving nontherapeutic doses of vortioxetine (1 and 2.5 mg/day) were not included in any of the analyses. APTS – all patients treated set (N represents all randomized patients who took ≥1 dose of study medication); CGI-S – Clinical Impressions–Severity of Illness; DSST – Digit Symbol Substitution Test; DUL – duloxetine; HAM-D24 – Hamilton Depression Rating Scale–24 item; MADRS – Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MDE – major depressive episode; PBO – placebo; RAVLT – Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; VEN – venlafaxine XR; VOR – vortioxetine.
The 12 studies utilized for this meta-analysis used similar inclusion and exclusion criteria: patients had to be aged 18–75 years (inclusive, except NCT00811252 recruited patients aged 65 years or older and NCT01255787 recruited those aged 20–64 years) and meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for an MDE lasting at least 4 weeks (NCT00811252) or 3 months (all other studies). Patients were required to have a MADRSReference Montgomery and Asberg 47 total score ≥22 (NCT00672620), ≥30 (NCT00839423 and NCT00672958), or ≥26 (all other studies). Five studies also required a Clinical Global Impressions−Severity of Illness (CGI-S)Reference Guy 48 score of ≥4 (NCT01140906, NCT01153009, NCT01163266, NCT01179516, and NCT01255787). While 5 of the studies (NCT00635219, NCT01140906, NCT01153009, NCT00672620, and NCT00811252) in this meta-analysis did include duloxetine as an active reference for validation purposes, no direct comparison was made between the comparative safety and efficacy profiles of vortioxetine and duloxetine, as none of the clinical trials were specifically designed to directly compare the two agents. As such, no direct comparative claims can be made between vortioxetine and duloxetine.
Patients in these studies were excluded if they had any current psychiatric disorder other than MDD as defined in the DSM-IV-TR; a current or past history of a manic or hypomanic episode, schizophrenia, or any other psychiatric disorder, mental retardation, organic mental disorders, or mental disorders due to a general medical condition; any current diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence as defined in DSM-IV-TR; the presence or history of a clinically significant neurological disorder; any neurodegenerative disorder; or any DSM-IV-TR Axis II disorder, including personality disorder, that might compromise their participation in the study. Patients were also excluded if they had a clinically significant unstable illness (eg, hepatic impairment or renal insufficiency, or a cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurological, rheumatologic, immunologic, infectious, skin, or subcutaneous tissue disorder, or a metabolic disturbance). Patients with chronic, but stable, disease (such as diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or respiratory diseases) were able to be enrolled at the investigators’ discretion.
The predefined primary efficacy endpoints at end of study in the individual studies were the MADRS total score, the HAM-D24 Reference Hamilton 49 total score, or a composite z-score of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)Reference Wechsler 50 and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)Reference Lezak, Howieson and Loring 51 scores, with the MADRS as a predefined secondary endpoint in those trials that utilized the HAM-D24 or DSST/RAVLT. Only patients randomized to vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day (approved therapeutic dosages) were included in these analyses.
Population characteristics
Details of baseline demographics, concurrent medical conditions, and concomitant medications were included to describe the type of patient population included in these analyses.
Efficacy outcomes
For this post hoc meta-analysis, the primary efficacy outcome was defined as the difference from placebo in change from baseline on MADRS total score at study endpoint (week 6 or 8). Secondary efficacy outcomes included difference from placebo in change from baseline on select MADRS individual item scores, MADRS response (defined as ≥50% decrease from baseline in MADRS total score), and MADRS remission (defined as MADRS total score ≤10) at study endpoint. We undertook an analysis of select MADRS items, corresponding to symptoms that are related to more severe disability in older MDD patients, as reported by Anderson et al.Reference Anderson, Slade, Andrews and Sachdev 52
Safety and tolerability outcomes
Safety and tolerability were assessed by the nature and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and changes in vital signs, laboratory values, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and body weight. Discontinuations due to TEAEs were also evaluated as a measure of tolerability.
Statistical analysis
Efficacy was analyzed using the full analysis set (FAS), which includes all randomized patients who took at least 1 dose of study medication and had at least 1 valid post-baseline value of the primary efficacy outcome. The primary statistical methodology in the individual studies was either a mixed effect model for repeated measures (MMRM) or an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using last observation carried forward (LOCF); however, all studies performed both methodologies as part of the statistical analysis plan.
This efficacy meta-analysis used aggregated study-level data using MMRM for the individual studies as the primary methodology. The MMRM model used an unstructured covariance matrix and included terms for center, visit, treatment, and baseline score by visit interaction, and treatment by visit interaction. For MADRS response and MADRS remission, logistic regression using LOCF adjusting for baseline MADRS score was used to provide ORs as input for the meta-analysis.
Results represent the least squares (LS) mean differences or ORs versus placebo with 95% CIs. All statistical tests were 2-sided with a 0.05 significance level. Standardized effect sizes (SES) were then calculated for the difference from placebo in change from baseline and interpreted as Cohen’s d statistics.
Safety and baseline characteristics were examined using pooled data of the safety set (or all patients treated set [APTS]), which includes all randomized patients who took at least 1 dose of study medication. Demographics and TEAEs were summarized with descriptive statistics. The most frequently reported TEAEs, concurrent medical conditions, and concomitant medications (occurring in or used by ≥5% of patients in any treatment arm) are also listed. The number and percentage of individuals experiencing potentially clinically significant ECG or liver enzyme value deviations are reported. Vital signs and body weight were summarized by the mean change from baseline at study endpoint, as well as potentially clinically significant values during the treatment period.
Results
Patients
The subpopulation included in the meta-analysis comprised 1508 patients aged 55 years or older (27.8% of all patients) who were treated with placebo (N=561) or vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day (N=947). The demographic and baseline characteristics were similar across all treatment groups (Table 2). Patients were predominantly women (placebo, 64.0%; vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day, 64.9–68.6%) and white (92.0%; 87.6–92.8%), with ages ranging from 55 to 88 years (mean age: placebo, 62.8 years; vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day, 59.9–64.8 years). The proportion of patients outside of the US was higher than the proportion of patients within the US, with the exception of vortioxetine 15 mg/day (Table 2).
Table 2 Demographic and baseline characteristics of patients aged ≥55 years (APTS)
* Full analysis set.
APTS – all patients treated set (N represents all randomized patients who took ≥1 dose of study medication); BMI – body mass index; CGI-S – Clinical Global Impressions–Severity of Illness; MADRS – Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MDE – major depressive episode; US – United States; SD – standard deviation.
The majority of patients in this post hoc meta-analysis had concurrent medical conditions, with the most common (incidence ≥10% in any treatment arm) conditions being hypertension, menopause/postmenopause, hypercholesterolemia, and osteoarthritis (Table 3).
Table 3 Most frequently reported (≥5% in any treatment arm) concurrent medical conditions by preferred term in patients aged ≥55 years
Includes concurrent medical conditions that could have started before or during study treatment. MedDRA preferred terms are sorted in descending order based on their incidence in all patients receiving vortioxetine, regardless of dose. MedDRA – Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities, v14.1.
Many patients also took concomitant medications, with the most common (incidence ≥10% in any treatment arm) therapeutic classes being angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, lipid-modifying agents, analgesics, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic products, vitamins, drugs for acid-related disorders, thyroid therapy, and beta-blocking agents (Table 4).
Table 4 Most frequently reported (≥5% in any treatment arm) concomitant medications by therapeutic class in patients aged ≥55 years (APTS)
ACE – angiotensin-converting enzyme; APTS – all patients treated set (N represents all randomized patients who took ≥1 dose of study medication). Includes concomitant medications that could have started before or during study treatment. Therapeutic classes are sorted in descending order based on their incidence in all patients receiving vortioxetine, regardless of dose.
Efficacy
Based on this meta-analysis, the difference versus placebo in change from baseline on MADRS total score was statistically significantly in favor of vortioxetine 5 mg (N=324, Δ–2.56; P=0.035), 10 mg (N=222, Δ–2.87; P=0.007), and 20 mg (N=165, Δ–4.65; P=0.012), whereas vortioxetine 15 mg was not statistically significant versus placebo (N=90, Δ–1.32; P=0.658) (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Difference from placebo in MADRS total score change from baseline to study endpoint in patients aged ≥55 years (FAS, MMRM).
When the difference from placebo in change from baseline in select MADRS individual item scores was analyzed, sleep was significantly improved with vortioxetine 10 mg and 20 mg (P=0.008 and P=0.037, respectively); concentration was significantly improved with vortioxetine 5 mg (P=0.039); and lassitude was significantly improved with vortioxetine 10 mg and 20 mg (P=0.017 and P=0.002, respectively) (Figure 2). Appetite was not significantly improved at any vortioxetine dose.
Figure 2 Difference from placebo in select MADRS individual item scores change from baseline to study endpoint in patients aged ≥55 years (FAS, MMRM).
The meta-analysis of treatment response rates (≥50% decrease from baseline in MADRS total score) demonstrated a benefit versus placebo for patients treated with vortioxetine (Figure 3). Statistically significant differences in response rates compared with placebo were observed for vortioxetine 10 mg (47.9%, P=0.002; OR 1.82) and 20 mg (54.9%, P<0.001; OR 2.46). The rate of treatment response for placebo in this population was 35.5%.
Figure 3 Percentage (%) of responding patients aged ≥55 years (defined as ≥50% decrease from baseline in MADRS total score) at study endpoint (FAS, LOCF).
Remission rates (MADRS total score ≤10) at study endpoint demonstrated a statistically significant benefit only for patients treated with vortioxetine 20 mg (37.3%, P<0.001; OR 2.71) (Figure 4). The rate of remission for placebo in this population was 20.2%.
Figure 4 Percentage (%) of remitting patients aged ≥55 years (defined as MADRS ≤10) at study endpoint (FAS, LOCF).
Safety and tolerability
The incidence of TEAEs was 61.5% for placebo. Among individuals receiving vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day, 62.3% reported TEAEs, and the incidence did not increase with vortioxetine dose (Table 5). Compared with placebo, the incidence of treatment-related adverse events was higher for all vortioxetine doses. Rates of discontinuation due to TEAEs were similar to placebo (5.2%) in the vortioxetine 5 mg (5.1%) and 10 mg (5.0%) groups, but were higher at higher doses (12.7% with vortioxetine 15 mg, and 9.8% with 20 mg). The incidence of serious TEAEs was low and similar to placebo across all vortioxetine doses, with no increase at the higher vortioxetine doses of 10 to 20 mg/day (Table 5). A 74-year-old woman with a medical history of cholelithiasis and treated with vortioxetine 5 mg died from gall bladder cancer approximately 1 month after withdrawal from the study (NCT00635219).
Table 5 Overview of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in patients aged ≥55 years (APTS)
Includes adverse events occurring on or after the first dose of study treatment and within 30 days post dosing.
* A 74-year-old woman with a medical history of cholelithiasis and treated with vortioxetine 5 mg died from gall bladder cancer approximately 1 month after withdrawal from the study (NCT00635219). AE – adverse event; APTS – all patients treated set (N represents all randomized patients who took ≥1 dose of study medication).
The safety profile of vortioxetine in this pooled analysis was similar to what was observed in the individual trials.Reference Katona, Hansen and Olsen 30 , Reference Alvarez, Perez, Dragheim, Loft and Artigas 34 – Reference Mahableshwarkar, Jacobsen, Serenko, Chen and Trivedi 44 The incidence of specific TEAEs was similar across treatment arms, except for nausea (which was more than twice as high for all individual vortioxetine doses than for placebo), vomiting (more than twice as high for vortioxetine 10–20 mg than for placebo), constipation (more than twice as high for vortioxetine 15 mg than for placebo), and anxiety (more than twice as high for vortioxetine 15 mg than for placebo) (Table 6).
Table 6 Most frequently reported (≥5% in any treatment group) treatment-emergent adverse events in patients aged ≥55 years by MedDRA preferred term (APTS)
Includes adverse events occurring on or after the first dose and within 30 days post dosing. MedDRA preferred terms are sorted in descending order based on their incidence in all patients receiving vortioxetine, regardless of dose. MedDRA – Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities, v14.1. APTS – all patients treated set (N represents all randomized patients who took ≥1 dose of study medication)
There were no clinically relevant changes in vital signs values or body weight after 6–8 weeks of treatment with vortioxetine (Table 7). The incidence of ECG values and liver enzyme levels of potential clinical significance were similar to placebo for all vortioxetine doses.
Table 7 Potentially clinically significant values and shifts in vital signs, electrocardiograms, liver enzymes, and body weight during treatment in patients aged ≥55 years
* Mean change from baseline to final visit (standard deviation). Values measured more than 7 days after the last dose of double-blind study medication are not included in the analysis. Summary based on number (%) of patients with ≥1 potentially clinically significant value during the treatment period. Standing and supine measurements were collected for all studies except NCT01255787, where only sitting measurements were collected (study omitted). BP – blood pressure; bpm – beats per minute; ECG – electrocardiogram; mmHg – millimeters of mercury; SD – standard deviation; ULN – upper limit of normal.
Discussion
We undertook a meta-analysis that provides evidence that vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day is efficacious and well tolerated in patients with MDD aged 55 years or older. The meta-analysis of clinical efficacy suggests a dose-response relationship with vortioxetine 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg, as demonstrated by the percentage of patients who responded to treatment. Additionally, given the challenge of interpreting any potential predictors of response in a highly heterogeneous population of patients with MDD, this analysis yielded a similar result to that seen to date in the overall vortioxetine clinical program.Reference Katona, Hansen and Olsen 30 , Reference Alvarez, Perez, Dragheim, Loft and Artigas 34 – Reference Mahableshwarkar, Jacobsen, Serenko, Chen and Trivedi 44 Identifying predictors of response to vortioxetine in MDD does, however, remain an important and worthwhile endeavor. Because vortioxetine 15 mg was only assessed in 3 of the 12 trials included here, this treatment group had the smallest sample size, resulting in substantially wider confidence intervals compared to the other doses. In addition, 2 of the 3 studies were focused in the US, whereas the last study was focused primarily in Europe. These discrepancies may contribute to the reasons why results from this group were not consistent with the dose-dependent efficacy observed for the other doses, which has also been observed in other meta-analyses of vortioxetine studies.Reference Pae, Wang and Han 53 – Reference Berhan and Barker 55 Such discrepanciesReference Vieta, Pappadopulos, Mandel and Lombardo 56 , Reference Khin, Chen, Yang, Yang and Laughren 57 are commonly seen in meta-analyses due to the heterogeneous effect among studies.Reference Vazquez, Baldessarini and Yildiz 58 , Reference Hardy and Thompson 59
Vortioxetine treatment demonstrated significant improvement in change from baseline of specific items on the MADRS associated with disability in patients with MDD. A study by Anderson et al Reference Anderson, Slade, Andrews and Sachdev 52 found that in patients aged 60 years or older with at least 1 core symptom of an MDE (eg, depressed mood and loss of interest), there was a linear relationship between disability and a number of non-core symptoms (ie, sleep problems, appetite/weight change, psychomotor disturbance, and loss of energy). However, individual symptoms differentially affected the severity of the disability, with loss of energy related to the greatest decreases in cognitive functioning and increases in role dysfunction, number of disability days, number of health professional consultations, and nonspecific psychological stress. Accordingly, the corresponding items on the MADRS would be reduced sleep (Item 4), reduced appetite (Item 5), concentration difficulties (Item 6), and lassitude (Item 7), which were selected for specific analysis in this report. Treatment with vortioxetine 10 or 20 mg/day significantly improved sleep and lassitude. Significant improvement in concentration was observed only in patients receiving vortioxetine 5 mg/day.
Although the newer antidepressants are considered generally safe and well tolerated in elderly individuals, safety and tolerability profiles are heterogeneous.Reference Sultana, Spina and Trifirò 23 The safety assessment suggests that vortioxetine is well tolerated in this multi-morbid MDD population. Rates of serious AEs were similar to placebo and were not higher at vortioxetine doses of 10–20 mg/day, and rates of discontinuation due to AEs were similar to placebo in the vortioxetine 5 mg and 10 mg dosing groups. Although the patients aged 55 years or older included in this meta-analysis had a variety of comorbid medical conditions and were taking a variety of concomitant medications at baseline, there were no safety signals suggesting drug–drug interactions or worsening of preexisting conditions based on the AE profile as well as the low incidence of potentially clinically significant changes in vital signs and weight during the 6–8 weeks of treatment. Patients aged 55 and older are recommended to be initiated on vortioxetine in line with the overall adult population: patients are recommended to start on vortioxetine 10 mg/day; however, patients may be initiated at a dose of 5 mg daily if there are any concerns regarding tolerability.
Limitations
This study conducted meta-analyses of aggregated study-level data from 12 randomized, placebo-controlled trials, which have inherent heterogeneity. No direct comparison about the efficacy and safety of vortioxetine was made between the subpopulation aged 55 years or older and patients aged less than 55 years due to the unreliable estimation of age effects considering study heterogeneity. Patients with clinically significant psychiatric, psychotic, neurological, or neurodegenerative disorders or with clinically unstable illnesses were excluded from these randomized trials.
Conclusions
Results from this meta-analysis provide evidence that vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day is efficacious and well tolerated in patients with MDD aged 55 years and older. The meta-analysis of clinical efficacy suggests a dose-response relationship with vortioxetine 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg, as demonstrated by the difference versus placebo in change from baseline on MADRS total score. In this MDD patient population with a variety of comorbid medical conditions and taking a variety of concomitant medications, the safety assessment suggests that vortioxetine is well tolerated.
Disclosures
At the time of study, George Nomikos and Dapo Tomori were employees of Takeda Development Center Americas. Wei Zhong, John Affinito and William Palo are employees of Takeda Development Center Americas.
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