Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T01:12:20.291Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Effects of Stressful Life Events, Coping, and Cortisol on HIV Infection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Jane Leserman
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

What is the role of stress and coping in changes in immunologic and clinical indicators of human immunodeficiency virus disease progression? There is substantial evidence that stressful life events and passive coping strategies, such as denial, may have a detrimental effect on HIV disease progression. Given the harmful effects of stress and passive coping, the author reviews the limited research testing the efficacy of interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapies for HIV-infected persons. Finally, in trying to understand psychoimmune relationships in HIV, the evidence is examined for the mediating and direct effects of cortisol, a hormone associated with stress, on HIV disease progression. Delineating the role of psychosocial factors and cortisol on HIV disease progression may aid in the development of new interventions for this devastating disease.

Type
Review
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 8 , Issue 1: Neuropsychiatric HIV Infection , January 2003 , pp. 25 - 30
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Anderson, RN. Deaths: leading causes for 1999. Natl Vital Stat Rep. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2002;49:11–15.Google Scholar
2.Leserman, J, Petitto, JM, Golden, RN, et al.The impact of stressful life events, depression, social support, coping and cortisol on progression to AIDS. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1221–1228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Leserman, J, Jackson, ED, Petitto, JM, et al.Progression to AIDS: the effects of stress, depressive symptoms, and social support. Psychosom Med. 1999;61:397–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Evans, DL, Leserman, J, Perkins, DO, et al.Severe life stress as a predictor of early disease progression in HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:630–634.Google ScholarPubMed
5.Leserman, J, Petitto, JM, Perkins, DO, et al.Severe stress, depressive symptoms, and changes in lymphocyte subsets in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. A 2-year follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:279–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Kemeny, ME, Dean, L. Effects of AIDS-related bereavement on HIV progression among New York City gay men. AIDS Educ Prev. 1995;7:36–47.Google ScholarPubMed
7.Kimerling, R, Calhoun, KS, Forehand, R, et al.Traumatic stress in HIV-infected women. AIDS Educ Prev. 1999;11:321–330.Google ScholarPubMed
8.Leserman, J. The effects of depression, stressful life events, social support, and coping on the progression of HIV infection. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2000;2:495–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Ironson, G, Friedman, A, Klimas, N, et al.Distress, denial, and low adherence to behavioral interventions predict faster disease progression in gay men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Int J Behav Med. 1994;1:90–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Antoni, MH, Goldstein, D, Ironson, G, et al.Coping responses to HIV-1 serostatus notification predict concurrent and prospective immunologic status. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 1995;2:234–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Solano, L, Costa, M, Salvati, S, et al.Psychological factors and clinical evolution in HIV-1 infection: a longitudinal study. J Psychosom Res. 1993;37:39–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Mulder, CL, Antoni, MH, Duivenvoorden, HJ, Kauffmann, RH, Goodkin, K. Active confrontational coping predicts decreased clinical progression over a one-year period in HIV-infected homosexual men. J Psychosom Res. 1995;39:957–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Simoni, JM, Ng, MT. Trauma, coping, and depression among women with HIV/AIDS in New York City. AIDS Care. 2000;12:567–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Semple, SJ, Patterson, TL, Temoshok, LR, et al.Identification of psychobiological stressors among HIV-positive women. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) Group. Women Health. 1993;20:15–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Nott, KH, Vedhara, K. Nature and consequences of stressful life events in homosexual HIV-positive men: a review. AIDS Care. 1999;11:235–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Sherr, L, Hedge, B, Steinhart, K, Davey, T, Petrack, J. Unique patterns of bereavement in HIV: implications for counselling. Genitourin Med. 1992;68:378–381.Google ScholarPubMed
17.Herek, GM, Capitanio, JP, Widaman, KF. HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991-1999. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:371–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Evans, DL, Leserman, J, Perkins, DO, et al.Stress-associated reductions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in asymptomatic HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:543–550.Google ScholarPubMed
19.Petitto, JM, Leserman, J, Perkins, DO, et al.High versus low basal cortisol secretion in asymptomatic, medication-free HIV infected men: differential effects of severe life stress on parameters of immune status. Behavioral Medicine. 2000;25:143–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Leserman, J, Petitto, JM, Gu, H, et al.Progression to AIDS, a clinical AIDS condition, and mortality: psychosocial and physiological predictors. Psychol Med. 2002;32:1059–1073CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Vuillier, F, Bianco, NE, Montagnier, L, et al.Selective depletion of low-density CD8+, CD16+ lymphocytes during HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1988;4:121–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Mansour, I, Doinel, C, Rouger, P. CD16+ NK cells decrease in all stages of HIV infection through a selective depletion of the CD16+ CD8+ CD3- subset. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1990;6:1451–1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Margolick, JB, Scott, ER, Odaka, N, et al.Flow cytometric analysis of T cells and natural killer cells in HIV-1 infection. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1991;58:126–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Ironson, G, Balbin, E, Solomon, G, et al.Relative preservation of natural killer cell cytotoxicity and number in healthy AIDS patients with low CD4 cell counts. AIDS. 2001;15:2065–2073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Price, DA, O'callaghan, CA, Whelan, JA, et al.Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and viral evolution in primary HIV-1 infection. Clin Sci (Land). 1999;97:707–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Barker, E. CD8+ cell-derived anti-human immunodeficiency virus inhibitory factor. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(suppl 3):S485–S488CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Famularo, G, Moretti, S, Marcellini, S, Nucera, E, De Simone, C. CD8 lymphocytes in HIV infection: helpful and harmful. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1997;49:15–32.Google ScholarPubMed
28.Bower, JE, Kemeny, ME, Taylor, SE, Fahey, JL. Cognitive processing, discovery of meaning, CD4 decline, and AIDS-related mortality among bereaved HIV-seropositive men. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66:979–986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Kemeny, ME, Weiner, H, Duran, R, et al.Immune system changes after the death of a partner in HIV-positive gay men. Psychosom Med. 1995;57:547–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Goodkin, K, Feaster, DJ, Tuttle, R, et al.Bereavement is associated with time-dependent decrements in cellular immune function in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive homosexual men. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1996;3:109–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Patterson, TL, Semple, SJ, Temoshok, LR, et al.Stress and depressive symptoms prospectively predict immune change among HIV-seropositive men. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group. Psychiatry. 1995;58:299–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Howland, LC, Gortmaker, SL, Mofenson, LM, et al.Effects of negative life events on immune suppression in children and youth infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pediatrics. 2000;106:540–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Perry, S, Fishman, B, Jacobsberg, L, Frances, A. Relationships over one-year between lymphocyte subsets and psychosocial variables among adults with infection by human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:396–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Rabkin, JG, Williams, JBW, Remien, RH, et al.Depression, distress, lymphocyte subsets, and human immunodeficiency virus symptoms on two occasions in HIV-positive homosexual men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:111–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Kessler, RC, Foster, C, Joseph, J, et al.Stressful life events and symptom onset in HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:733–738.Google ScholarPubMed
36.Capitanio, JP, Mendoza, SP, Lerche, NW, Mason, WA. Social stress results in altered glucocorticoid regulation and shorter survival in simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:4714–4719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Carver, CS, Scheier, MF, Weintraub, JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;56:267–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Mulder, CL, de Vroome, EM, van Griensven, GJ, Antoni, MH, Sandfort, TG. Avoidance as a predictor of the biological course of HIV infection over a 7-year period in gay men. Health Psychol. 1999;18:107–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Cole, SW, Kemeny, ME, Taylor, SE, Visscher, BR, Fahey, JL. Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection in gay men who conceal their homosexual identity. Psychosom Med. 1996;58:219–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Sherman, BF, Bonanno, GA, Wiener, LS, Battles, HB. When children tell their friends they have AIDS: possible consequences for psychological well-being and disease progression. Psychosom Med. 2000;62:238–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Tomakowsky, J, Lumley, MA, Markowitz, N, Frank, C. Optimistic explanatory style and dispositional optimism in HIV-infected men. J Psychosom Res. 2001;51:577–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Reed, GM, Kemeny, ME, Taylor, SE. Negative HIV-specific expectancies and AIDS-related bereavement as predictors of symptom onset in asymptomatic HIV-positive gay men. Health Psychol. 1999;18:354–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Segerstrom, SC, Taylor, SE, Kemeny, ME, Visscher, BR. Causal attributions predict rate of immune decline in HIV-seropositive gay men. Health Psycho. 1996;15:485–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Antoni, MH, Baggett, L, Ironson, G, et al.Cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention buffers distress responses and immunologic changes following notification of HIV-1 seropositivity. J Consult Clinl Psychol. 1991;59:906–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Goodkin, K, Feaster, DJ, Asthana, D, et al.A bereavement support group intervention is longitudinally associated with salutary effects on the CD4 cell count and number of physician visits. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1998;5:382–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Goodkin, K, Baldewicz, TT, Asthana, D, et al.A bereavement support group intervention affects plasma burden of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Report of a randomized controlled trial. J Hum Virol. 2001;4:44–54.Google ScholarPubMed
47.Antoni, MH, Cruess, DG, Cruess, S, et al.Cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention effects on anxiety, 24-hr urinary norepinephrine output, and T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells over time among symptomatic HIV-infected gay men. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:31–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Walker, BD, Plata, F. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes against HIV. AIDS. 1990;4:177–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Fauci, AS. Mulfifactorial nature of human immunodeficiency virus disease: implications for therapy. Science. 1993;262:1011–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Paul, WE. Reexamining AIDS research priorities. Science. 1995;267:633–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Antoni, MH, Cruess, DG, Klimas, N, et al.Stress management and immune system reconstitution in symptomatic HIV-infected gay men over time: effects on transitional naive T cells (CD4(+)CD45RA(+)CD29(+)). Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:143–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Cruess, DG, Antoni, MH, Kumar, M, Schneiderman, N. Reductions in salivary cortisol are associated with mood improvement during relaxation training among HIV-seropositive men. J Behav Med. 2000;23:107–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Cruess, S, Antoni, M, Cruess, D, et al.Reductions in herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody titers after cognitive behavioral stress management and relationships with neuroendocrine function, relaxation skills, and social support in HIV-positive men. Psychosom Med. 2000;62:828–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Coates, TJ, McKusick, L, Kuno, R, Stites, DP. Stress reduction training changed number of sexual partners but not immune function in men with HIV. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:885–887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Gorman, JM, Kertzner, R, Cooper, T, et al.Glucocorticoid level and neuropsychiatric symptoms in homosexual men with HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:41–45.Google ScholarPubMed
56.Cruess, DG, Antoni, MH, Kumar, M, et al.Cognitive-behavioral stress management buffers decreases in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and increases in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio and reduces mood disturbance and perceived stress among HIV-seropositive men. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999;24:537–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Corley, PA. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: the glucocorticoid solution. Med Hypotheses. 1996;47:49–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Clerici, M, Trabattoni, D, Piconi, S, et al.A possible role for the cortisol/anticortisols imbalance in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997;22(suppl 1):S27–S31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Daynes, RA, Meikle, AW, Araneo, BA. Locally active steroid hormones may facilitate compartmentalization of immunity by regulating the types of lymphokines produced by helper T cells. Res Immunol. 1991;142:40–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Daynes, RA, Araneo, BA, Hennebold, J, Enioutina, E, Mu, HH. Steroids as regulators of the mammalian immune response. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105(suppl 1):14S–19S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Maggi, E, Mazzetti, M, Ravina, A, et al.Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to TH0 shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and TH0 cells. Science. 1994;265:244–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Markham, PD, Salahuddin, SZ, Veren, K, et al.Hydrocortisone and some other hormones enhance the expression of HTLV-III. International Journal of Cancer. 1986;37:67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Christeff, N, Gherbi, N, Mammes, O, et al.Serum cortisol and DHEA concentrations during HIV infection. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997;22(suppl 1):S11–S18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Antoni, MH, Schneiderman, N, Klimas, N, et al.Disparities in psychological, neuroendocrine, and immunologic patterns in asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative gay men. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;29:1023–1041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Kertzner, RM, Goetz, R, Todak, G, et al.Cortisol levels, immune status, and mood in homosexual men with and without HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1674–1678.Google ScholarPubMed
66.Cole, SW, Naliboff, BD, Kemeny, ME, et al.Impaired response to HAART in HIV-infected individuals with high autonomic nervous system activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:12695–12700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Cole, SW, Korin, YD, Fahey, JL, Zack, JA. Norepinephrine accelerates HIV replication via protein kinase A-dependent effects on cytokine production. J Immunol. 1998;161:610–616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed