Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T21:18:19.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Decriminalizing LGBTQ+: Reproducing and resisting mental health inequities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2020

Tyler M. Argüello Open the ORCID record for Tyler M. Argüello [Opens in a new window]
Tyler M. Argüello*
Affiliation:
MSW Program, Division of Social Work, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA
*
*Address correspondence to: Tyler M. Argüello, PhD, DCSW, LCSW, Associate Professor and Director, MSW Program, Division of Social Work, California State University, Sacramento, Mariposa 4010, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Secure settings are not queer because lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, Two Spirit, and asexual (LGBTQ+) people populate them, and neither are LGBTQ+ people inherently criminal because they are found in those spaces. Queer people bear disproportionate health, mental health, and social inequities that have had, historically and currently, the effect to criminalize them. This review discusses effective language and ideologies when working with LGBTQ+ people in secure settings. Major health, mental health, and social inequities are reviewed, along with the applied framework of minority stress. Then, the process of criminalization is diagrammed across the phases of predetainment, being in the system, and through re-entering the community. Finally, multilevel strategies are offered to decriminalize LGBTQ+ people ideologically and in practice.

Keywords

LGBTQ+queerminority stressaffirmative practiceheteronormativitycultural competence.
Type
Review
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 25 , Issue 5 , October 2020 , pp. 667 - 686
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References:

Mogul, JL, Ritchie, AJ, Whitlock, K. Queer (In)justice: The Criminalization of LGBT in the United States. Boston, MA: Beacon Press; 2011.Google Scholar
Stanley, E, Smith, N, eds. Captive Genders: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex. Oakland, CA: AK Press; 2011.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Mental Health Action Plan: 2013–2020; 2013. https://www.who.int/mental_health/publications/action_plan/en/. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Jagose, A. Queer Theory: An Introduction. New York, NY: New York University Press; 1996.Google Scholar
Sullivan, N. A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2003.Google Scholar
Warner, M. Publics and Counterpublics. Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books; 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eng, DL, Halberstam, J, Muñoz, JE. Introduction: what’s queer about queer studies now? Social Text. 2005;84–85(23):1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, GS. Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In: Parker, R, Aggleton, P, eds. Cutlure, Society and Sexuality: A Reader. New York, NY: UCL Press; 1999:143–178.Google Scholar
Warner, M. Fear of a queer planet. Social Text. 1991;29:3–17.Google Scholar
Duggan, L. The Twilight of Inequality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press; 2004.Google Scholar
Williams Institute. LGBT Demographic Data Interactive. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute; 2019.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Healthy People 2020: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health. Washington, DC; 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Conron, KJ, Mimiaga, MJ, Landers, SJ. A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:1953–1960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saewyc, EM, Poon, CS, Homma, Y, et al. Stigma management? The links between enacted stigma and teen pregnancy trends among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students in British Columbia. Can J Hum Sex. 2008;17:123–139.Google ScholarPubMed
Heiden-Rootes, KM, Salas, J, Scherrer, JF, et al. Comparison of medical diagnoses among same-sex and opposite- sex-partnered patients. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29(6):688–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, C, Huebner, D, Diaz, RM, et al. Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics. 2009;123:346–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blosnich, JR, Farmer, GW, Lee, JG, et al. Health inequalities among sexual minority adults: evidence from ten US states, 2010. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46:337–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, M, Semlyn, J, Killaspy, H, et al. A Systematic Review of Research on Counselling and Psychotherapy for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People. London, UK: British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy; 2007.Google Scholar
Bostwick, WB, Boyd, CJ, Hughes, TL, et al. Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2014;84(1):35–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAGE (Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders). The Aging and Health Report: Disparities and Resilience Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Older Adults. New York, NY: SAGE; 2011. http://issuu.com/lgbtagingcenter/docs/full-report-final-11-16-11. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Kidd, S, Howison, M, Pilling, M, et al. Severe mental illness among LGBT populations: a scoping review. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(7):779–783.Google ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stigma and Discrimination; 2019. http://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/stigma-and-discrimination.htmGoogle Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, ML, McLaughlin, KA, Keyes, KM, et al. The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: a prospective study. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(3):452–459.Google ScholarPubMed
Russ, TC, Stamatakis, E, Hamer, M, et al. Association between psychological distress and mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2012;345:e4933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gates, GJ, Newport, F. Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT. Gallup Polling; 2012. www.gallup.com/poll/158066/special-report-adults-identify-lgbt-aspxGoogle Scholar
Badgett, MV, Durso, LE, Sheneebaum, A. New Patterns of Poverty in the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute; 2013.Google Scholar
Nyitray, A, Corran, R, Altman, K, et al. Tobacco Use and Interventions Among Arizona Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Health Services; 2006. http://www.lgbttobacco.org/files/Arizona_smoking _lgbt_report.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Brittain, DR, Baillargeon, T, McElroy, M, et al. Barriers to moderate physical activity in adult lesbians. Women Health. 2006;43(1):75–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Blosnich, J, Andersen, J. Thursday’s child: the role of adverse childhood experiences in explaining mental health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual US adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50(2):335–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poteat, T. Top 10 Things Lesbians Should Discuss with their Healthcare Provider. Washington, DC: Gay and Lesbian Medical Association; 2012. http://www.glma.org/_data/n_0001/resources/live/Top%2010%20forlesbians.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Zaritsky, E, Dibble, SL. Risk factors for reproductive and breast cancers among older lesbians. J Women’s Health. 2010;19(1):125–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredriksen-Goldsen, KI, Hyun-Jun, K, Barkan, SE, et al. Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: results from a population-based study. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(10):1802–1809.Google ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Among Gay and Bisexual Men; 2019. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Hepatitis: Q&A; 2018. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/world_hepatitis_day/question_answer/en/Google Scholar
Carper, TL, Negy, C, Tantleff-Dunn, S. Relations among media influence, body image, eating concerns, and sexual orientation in men: a preliminary investigation. Body Image. 2010;7(4):301–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosher, WD, Chandra, A, Jones, J. Sexual behavior and selected health measures: men and women 15–44 years of age, United States, 2002. Adv Data. 2005;15(362):1–55.Google Scholar
Wichstrom, L. Sexual orientation as a risk factor for bulimic symptoms. Int J of Eating Disorders. 2006;39:448–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gay and Bisexual Men; 2019. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/index.html. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Ostrow, DG, Stall, R. Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use among gay and bisexual men. In: Wolitski, RJ, Stall, R, Valdiserri, RO, eds. Unequal Opportunity: Health Disparities Affecting Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008:121–158.Google Scholar
Bostwick, WB, Boyd, CJ, Hughes, TL, et al. Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(3):468–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houston, E, McKirnan, DJ. Intimate partner abuse among gay and bisexual men: risk correlates and health outcomes. J Urban Health. 2007;84(5):681–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamant, AL, Wold, C, Spritzer, K, et al. Health behaviors, health status, and access to and use of health care: a population-based study of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(10):1043–1051.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winn, RJ. Ten Things Bisexuals Should Discuss with their Healthcare Provider. San Francisco, CA: Gay and Lesbian Medical Association; 2012.Google Scholar
VanKim, NA, Padilla, JL. New Mexico’s Progress in Collecting Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Data and its Implications for Addressing Health Disparities. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Department of Health, Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Bureau; 2010.Google Scholar
Balsam, KF, Mohr, JJ. Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: a comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults. J Couns Psychol. 2007;54(3):306–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherrer, KS. Clinical practice with bisexual identified individuals. Clin Social Work J. 2013;41(3):238–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradford, M. The bisexual experience: living in a dichotomous culture. J Bisexuality. 2004;4(1–2):7–23.Google Scholar
Landers, S, Gilsanz, P. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Persons in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Department of Public Health; 2009. http://www.mass.gov/eohhs/docs/dph/commissioner/lgbt-health-report.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Grant, JM, Mottet, LA, Tanis, J, et al. Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force; 2011.Google Scholar
Grossman, AH, D’Augelli, AR. Transgender youth and life‐threatening behaviors. Suicide Life-Threat Behav. 2007;37(5):527–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stotzer, RL. Violence against transgender people: a review of United States data. Aggress Violent Behav. 2009;14(3):170–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, SL, Adelson, JL, Howard, KA. Anxiety and depression in transgender individuals: the role of transition status, loss, social support, and coping. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81(3):545–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nemoto, T, Bodeker, B, Iwamoto, M. Social support, exposure to violence, and transphobia: correlates of depression among male-to female transgender women with a history of sex work. Am J Public Health. 2011;101:1980–1988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuttbrock, L, Hwahng, S, Bockting, W, et al. Psychiatric impact of gender-related abuse across the life course of male-to-female transgender persons. J Sex Res. 2010;47:12–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen-Kettenis, PT, Pfäfflin, F. Transgenderism and Intersexuality in Childhood and Adolescence: Making Choices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2003.Google Scholar
Kuiper, AJ, Cohen-Kettenis, PT. Gender role reversal among postoperative transsexuals. IJT. 1998;2(3):23.Google Scholar
Pfäfflin, F, Junge, A. Sex Reassignment. Thirty Years of International Follow-Up Studies after Sex Reassignment Surgery: A Comprehensive Review, 1961–1991 (R.B. Jacobson and A.B. Meier, Trans.). Kissing, Germany: Symposium Publishing; 1998.Google Scholar
Smith, YL, Van Goozen, SH, Kuiper, AJ, et al. Sex reassignment: outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals. Psychol Med. 2005;35(1):89–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhejne, C, Oberg, K, Arver, S, et al. An analysis of all applications for sex reassignment surgery in Sweden, 1960–2010: prevalence, incidence, and regrets. Arch Sex Behav. 2014;43(8):1535–1545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochran, SD, Mays, VM, Sullivan, JG. Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71(1):53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haas, AP. Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and recommendations. J Homosex. 2011;58(1):10–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kertzner, RM, Meyer, IH, Frost, DM, et al. Social and psychological well-being in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals: the effects of race, gender, age, and sexual identity. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79(4):500–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathy, RM. Suicidality and sexual orientation in five continents: Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Int J Sex and Gender Stud. 2002;7(2/3):215–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Trevor Project. National Survey on LGBTQ Mental Health. New York, NY: The Trevor Project; 2019.Google Scholar
Moody, C, Smith, NG. Suicide protective factors among trans adults. Arch Sex Behav. 2013;42(5):739–752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, J, Schrager, SM, Belzer, M, et al. Baseline physiologic and psychosocial characteristics of transgender youth seeking care for gender dysphoria. J Adolesc Health. 2015;57(4):374–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs. A Crisis of Hate: A Mid Year Report on Homicides Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People. New York, NY: National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs; 2017.Google Scholar
Rothman, EF, Exner, D, Baughman, AL. The prevalence of sexual assault against people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual in the United States: a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2011;12(2):55–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Human Rights Campaign. Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2019; 2019. https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2019. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Zou, C, Andersen, JP, Blosnich, JR. The association between bullying and physical health among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2013;19(6):356–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandy-Guedes, M, Havig, K, Natale, AP, et al. Trauma impacts on LGBTQ people: Implications for lifespan development. In: Dentato, M, ed. Social Work Practice with the LGBTQ Community: The Intersection of History, Health, Mental Health, and Policy Factors. New York, NY: Oxford; 2018:118–136.Google Scholar
Walker, MD, Hernandez, AM, Davey, M. Childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual identity formation: intersection of gender, race, and sexual orientation. Am J Fam Therapy. 2012;40(5):385–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, MS, Marshal, MP, Guadamuz, TE, et al. A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(8):1481–1494.Google ScholarPubMed
Movement Advancement Project. Conversion Therapy Laws; 2019. http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/conversion_therapy. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
D’Augelli, A. Lesbian and bisexual female youths aged 14 to 21: developmental challenges and victimization experiences. J Lesbian Stud. 2003;7(4):9–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Balsam, KF. Traumatic victimization in the lives of lesbian and bisexual women. J Lesbian Stud. 2002;7(1):1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balsam, KF. Trauma, stress, and resilience among sexual minority women: rising like the phoenix. J Lesbian Stud. 2003;7(4):1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Salmon, KA. Just as long as you’re not gay: An exploratory study with queer adults on childhood sexual victimization (Master’s thesis). Northampton, MA: Smith College; 2014.Google Scholar
Das, G. Mostly normal: American psychiatric taxonomy, sexuality, and neoliberal mechanisms of exclusion. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2016;13:390–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:674–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cyrus, K. Multiple minorities as multiply marginalized: applying the minority stress theory to LGBTQ people of color. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health. 2017;21(3):194–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moradi, B, Wiseman, MC, DeBlaere, C, et al. LGB of color and White individuals’ perceptions of heterosexist stigma, internalized homophobia, and outness: comparisons of levels and links. Couns Psychol. 2010;38(3):397–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parra, LA, Benibgui, M, Helm, J, et al. Minority stress predicts depression in lesbian, gay, and bisexual emerging adults via elevated diurnal cortisol. Emerg Adulthood. 2016;4(5):365–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alessi, EJ, Hartman, E. Incorporating minority stress theory into clinical practice with sexual-minority populations. In: Dentato, MP, ed. Social Work Practice with the LGBTQ Community: The Intersection of History, Health, Mental Health, and Policy Factors. New York, NY: Oxford; 2018:249–265.Google Scholar
Holley, LC, Mendoza, NS, Del-Colle, MM, et al. Heterosexism, racism, and mental illness discrimination: experiences of people with mental health conditions and their families. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv. 2016;28(2):93–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, ML. How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(5):707–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pachankis, JE. The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: a cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychol Bull. 2007;133:328–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Argüello, TM, ed. Queer Social Work: Cases for LGBTQ+ Affirmative Practice. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 2019.Google Scholar
Davies, D. Towards a model of gay affirmative therapy. In: Davies, D, Neal, C, eds. Pink Therapy: A Guide for Counsellors and Therapists Working with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients. Buckingham, England: Open University Press; 1996:24–40.Google Scholar
Herek, GM. The psychology of sexual prejudice. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2000;9(1):19–22.Google Scholar
King, M, Semlyen, J, Tai, SS, et al. A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people. BCM Psychiatry. 2008;18(8):70.Google Scholar
Tozer, EE, McClanahan, MK. Treating the purple menace: ethical considerations of conversion therapy and affirmative alternatives. Couns Psychol. 199(27):722–742.Google Scholar
SAMHSA. Sexual Minority Representation in U.S. Jails and Prisons; 2019. https://www.samhsa.gov/gains-center. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
National Center for Transgender Equality. LGBTQ People Behind Bars: A Guide to Understanding the Issues Facing Transgender Prisoners and Their Legal Rights; 2018. https://transequality.org/transpeoplebehindbars. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Lambda Legal. Transgender Incarcerated People in Crisis; 2019. https://www.lambdalegal.org/know-your-rights/article/trans-incarcerated-people. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Movement Advancement Project, Center for American Progress. Unjust: How the Broken Criminal Justice System Fails LGBT People. Denver, CO: MAP; 2016.Google Scholar
Grzanka, PR, Miles, JR. The problem with the phrase “intersecting identities”: LGBT affirmative therapy, intersectionality, and neoliberalism. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2016;13:371–389.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: An Introduction (Trans. R. Hurley). New York, NY: Vintage Books; 1978/1990.Google Scholar
Chauncey, G. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York, NY: Harper Collins; 1994.Google Scholar
Bland, L, Doan, L, ed. Sexology Uncensored: The Documents of Sexual Science. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press; 1998.Google Scholar
Irvine, JM. Disorders of Desire: Sexuality and Gender in Modern American Sexology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 2005.Google Scholar
Terry, J. An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, K. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Rev. 1991;43:1241–1299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, RP, Walker, PM, Poteet, SL, et al. Mapping the Road to Equity: The Annual State of LGBTQ Communities. Sacramento, CA: #Out4MentalHealth Project; 2018, 2018.Google Scholar
Woods, JB. LGBT identity and crime. Calif L Rev. 2017;105:667–732.Google Scholar
Hasenbush, A, Miyashita, A, Wilson, BDM. HIV Criminalization in California: Penal Implications for People Living with HIV/AIDS. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute; 2015.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, E, Espeth, S, Hickey, D, et al. Meaningful Work: Transgender Experiences in the Sex Trade. New York, NY: Best Practices Policy Project, Red Umbrella Project, and National Center for Transgender Equality; 2015. http://www.bestpracticespolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Meaningful-Work-Full-Report.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Ahmed, O, Jindasurat, C. 2014 Report on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and HIV-Affected Hate Violence. New York, NY: National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs; 2015. http://www.avp.org/resources/avp-resources/405-2014-report-on-lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender-queer-and-hiv-affected-hate-violence. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Kaba, F, Lewis, A, Glowa-Kollisch, S, et al. Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(3):442–447.Google ScholarPubMed
Beck, AJ, Harrison, PM, Guerino, P. Sexual Victimization in Juvenile Facilities Reported by Youth, 2008–09. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2010. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svjfry09.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jenness, V. Transgender Inmates in California’s Prisons: An Empirical Study of a Vulnerable Population. Irvine, CA: UC Irvine; 2009. http://ucicorrections.seweb.uci.edu/files/2013/06/Transgender-Inmates-in-CAs-Prisons-An-Empirical-Study-of-a-Vulnerable-Population.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Beck, AJ, Berzofsky, M, Caspar, R, et al. Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011–12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2013. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Schweiger-Whalen, L, Noe, S, Lynch, S, et al. Converging cultures: partnering in affirmative and inclusive health care for members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2018;25(6):453–466. doi:10.1177/1078390318820127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCann, E, Sharek, D. Survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people’s experiences of mental health services in Ireland. Intl J Ment Health Nurs. 2014;23(2):118–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carabez, R, Pellegrini, M, Mankovitz, A, et al. “Never in All My Years…”: nurses’ education about LGBT health. J Prof Nurs. 2015;31:323–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obedin-Maliver, J, Goldsmith, ES, Stewart, L, et al. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender-related content in undergraduate medical education. JAMA. 2011;306(9):971–977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sequeira, GM, Chakraborti, C, Panunti, BA. Integrating lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) content into undergraduate medical school curricula: a qualitative study. Ochsner J. 2012;12(4):379–382.Google ScholarPubMed
White, W, Brenman, S, Paradis, E, et al. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patient care: medical students’ preparedness and comfort. Teach Learn Med. 2015;27(3):254–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, SA, Bern-Klug, M, Kramer, KW, et al. Most nursing home social service directors lack training in working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual residents. Soc Work in Health Care. 2010;49(9):814–831.Google ScholarPubMed
Willging, CE, Salvador, M, Kano, M. Unequal treatment: mental health care for sexual and gender minority groups in a rural state. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(6):867–870.Google Scholar
Love, MM, Smith, AE, Lyall, SE, et al. Exploring the relationship between gay affirmative practice and empathy among mental health professionals. J Multicultural Couns Develop. 2015;43(2):83–96.Google Scholar
American Medical Association. LGBTQ Population Care; 2019. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/creating-lgbtq-friendly-practice. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association. APA LGBT Resources and Publications; 2019. http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resourcesGoogle Scholar
American Psychological Association. Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. Am Psychol. 2015;70(9):832–864.Google Scholar
National Association of Social Workers (NASW). Lesbian, gay, Bisexual & Transgender (LGBT); 2019. https://www.socialworkers.org/Practice/LGBT. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Craig, SL, Alessi, EJ, Fisher-Borne, M, et al. Guidelines for Affirmative Social Work Education: Enhancing the Climate for LGBQQ Students, Staff, and Faculty in Social Work Education. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education; 2016.Google Scholar
Austin, A, Craig, SL, Alessi, EJ, et al. Guidelines for Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) Affirmative Education: Enhancing the Climate for TGNC Students, Staff and Faculty in Social Work Education. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education; 2016.Google Scholar
American Nurses Association. Position Statement: Nursing Advocacy for LGBTQ+ Populations. Silver Spring, MD: ANA; 2018. https://www.nursingworld.org/~49866e/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/ethics/nursing-advocacy-for-lgbtq-populations.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Lim, FA, Brown, DV, Jones, H. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health: fundamentals for nursing education. J Nurs Educ. 2013;52(4):198–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alessi, EJ. A framework for incorporating minority stress theory into treatment with sexual minority clients. J Gay Lesb Ment Health. 2014;18(1):47–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, SL, Austin, A, Alessi, E. Gay affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy for sexual minority youth: clinical adaptations and approaches. Clin Soc Work J. 2013;41(3):258–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, C, McCave, EL. Gay affirmative practice: a model for social work practice with gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Child Adol Soc Work J. 2007;24(4):403–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pachankis, JE. Uncovering clinical principles and techniques to address minority stress, mental health, and related health risks among gay and bisexual men. Clinl Psychol: Sci Pract. 2014;21(4):313–330.Google ScholarPubMed
Argüello, TM. HIV Stress Exchange: HIV Trauma, Intergenerational Stress, and Queer Men. In 13th International Conference on Interdisciplinary Social Studies. Granda, Spain: University of Granada; 2018.Google Scholar
Semp, D. Questioning heteronormativity: Using queer theory to inform research and practice within public mental health services. Psychol Sex. 2011;2(1):69–86.Google Scholar
Russell, ST, Pollitt, AM, Li, G, et al. Chosen name use is linked to reduced depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior among transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63(4):503–505.Google ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV; 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/default.html. Accessed August 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. PrEP; 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep.htmlGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Daily Pill can Prevent HIV: Reaching People who could Benefit from PrEP; 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hivprep/Google Scholar
pleasePrEPme.org. Helping People Access Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: A Frontline Provider Manual on PrEP Research, Care and Navigation; 2018. https://www.pleaseprepme.org/prepnavigatormanualGoogle Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014.Google Scholar
Helgeson, VS, Reynolds, KA, Tomich, PL. A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(5):797–816.Google Scholar
World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People; 2018. https://www.wpath.orgGoogle Scholar
Lamble, S. Queer necropolitics and the expanding carceral state: interrogating sexual investments in punishment. Law Critique. 2013;24:229–253.Google Scholar
Klein, E. Using social support for LGBTQ clients with mental illness to be out of the closet, in treatment, and in the community. J Gay Lesb Soc Serv. 2017;29(3):221–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar