Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T08:58:10.594Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Altered Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Internet Game Overusers: A 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Hyun Soo Park ,
Sang Hee Kim ,
Seong Ae Bang ,
Eun Jin Yoon ,
Sang Soo Cho  and
Sang Eun Kim
Hyun Soo Park
Affiliation:
Seoul National University College of Medicine
Sang Hee Kim
Affiliation:
Korea University
Seong Ae Bang
Affiliation:
Seoul National University College of Medicine
Eun Jin Yoon
Affiliation:
Seoul National University College of Medicine
Sang Soo Cho
Affiliation:
Seoul National University College of Medicine
Sang Eun Kim*
Affiliation:
Seoul National University College of Medicin
*
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, South Korea; Tel: 82-31-787-7671, Fax, 82-31-787-4018; e-mail:, [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction: Internet game overuse is an emerging disorder and features diminished impulse control and poor reward-processing. In an attempt to understand the neurobiological bases of Internet game overuse, we investigated the differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism at resting state between young individuals with Internet game overuse and those with normal use using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study.

Methods: Twenty right-handed male participants (9 normal users: 24.7±2.4 years of age, 11 overusers: 23.5±2.9 years of age) participated. A trait measure of impulsivity was also completed after scanning.

Results: Internet game overusers showed greater impulsiveness than the normal users and there was a positive correlation between the severity of Internet game overuse and impulsiveness. Imaging data showed that the overusers had increased glucose metabolism in the right middle orbitofrontal gyrus, left caudate nucleus, and right insula, and decreased metabolism in the bilateral postcentral gyrus, left precentrai gyrus, and bilateral occipital regions compared to normal users.

Conclusion: Internet game overuse may be associated with abnormal neurobiological mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, and sensory regions, which are implicated in impulse control, reward processing, and somatic representation of previous experiences. Our results support the idea that Internet game overuse shares psychological and neural mechanisms with other types of impulse control disorders and substance/non-substance-related addiction.

Type
Original Research
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , March 2010 , pp. 159 - 166
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Block, JJ. Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:306–307.Google Scholar
2.Aboujaoude, E, Koran, LM, Gamel, N, Large, MD, Serpe, RT. Potential markers for problematic internet use: a telephone survey of 2,513 adults. CNS Spectr. 2006;11:750–755.Google Scholar
3.Yen, JY, Ko, CH, Yen, CF, Wu, HY, Yang, MJ. The Comorbld Psychiatric Symptoms of Internet Addiction: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Depression, Social Phobia, and Hostility. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41:93–98.Google Scholar
4.Ferraro, G, Caci, B, D'Amico, A, Di Blasi, M. Internet addiction disorder: an Italian study. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2007; 10:170–175.Google Scholar
5.Ko, YS, Kim, SJ, Kim, BG. National Research of Internet Addiction. Seoul, Korea: Korea Agency Digital Oppotunity and Promotion; 2007.Google Scholar
6.Block, JJ. Pathological Computer Game Use. Psychiatric Times. 2007;24. Retrieved March 1,2007, from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/55406Google Scholar
7.Goudriaan, AE, Oosterlaan, J, de Beurs, E, van den Brink, W. Decision making in pathological gambling: a comparison between pathological gamblers, alcohol dependents, persons with Tourette syndrome, and normal controls. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005; 23:137–151.Google Scholar
8.Hollander, E, Pallanti, S, Baldini Rossi, N, Sood, E, Baker, BR, Buchsbaum, MS. Imaging monetary reward in pathological gamblers. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2005;6:113–120.Google Scholar
9.Johansson, A, Gotestam, KG. Problems with computer games without monetary reward: similarity to pathological gambling. Psychol Rep. 2004;95:641–650.Google Scholar
10.Shapira, NA, Goldsmith, TD, Keck, PE Jr, Khosla, UM, McElroy, SL. Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. J Affect Disord 2000;57:267–272.Google Scholar
11.Han, DH, Lee, YS, Yang, YS, Kim, EY, Lyoo, IK, Renshaw, PF. Dopamine Genes and Reward Dependence in Adolescents with Excessive Internet Video Game Play. J Addict Med. 2007;1:133–138.Google Scholar
12.Kim, SH, Ahn, CI. Personality trait and Decision-Making of Addicted Internet Game Users. Korean J Health Psych. 2005;10:415–430.Google Scholar
13.Oh, K, Kim, YJang, K, et al.Operation of the Internet Game Addiction Center and the eEementary Study for Development of the Internet Game Addiction Scale. Seoul, Korea: Korea Agency Digital Opportunity and Promotion; 2005.Google Scholar
14.Patton J, H, Stanford, MS, Barratt, ES. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51:768–774.Google Scholar
15.Soloff, PH, Meitzer, CC, Becker, C, Greer, PJ, Kelly, TM, Constantine, D. Impulsivity and prefrontal hypometabolism in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2003;123:153–163.Google Scholar
16.Goldstein, RZ, Volkow, ND, Wang, GJ, Fowler, JS, Rajaram, S. Addiction changes orbitofrontal gyrus function: involvement in response inhibition. NeuroReport. 2001;12:2595–2629.Google Scholar
17.Bolla, KI, Eldreth, DA, London, ED, et al.Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers performing a decision-making task. Neuroimage. 2003;19:1085–1094.Google Scholar
18.London, ED, Ernst, M, Grant, S, Bonson, K, Weinstein, A. Orbitofrontal cortex and human drug abuse: functional imaging. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10:334–342.Google Scholar
19.London, ED, Simon, SL, Berman, SM, et al.Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:73–84.Google Scholar
20.Salat, DH, Kaye, JA, Janowsky, JS. Greater orbital prefrontal volume selectively predicts worse working memory performance in older adults. Cereb Cortex. 2002; 12:494–505.Google Scholar
21.Hyman, SE, Malenka, RC. Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2:695–703.Google Scholar
22.Robbins, TW, Everitt, BJ. Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Nature. 1999;398:567–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Volkow, ND, Fowler, JS, Wang, G-J, Goldstein, RZ. Role of Dopamine, the Frontal Cortex and Memory Circuits in Drug Addiction: Insight from Imaging Studies. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2002;78:610–624.Google Scholar
24.Reuter, J, Raedler, T, Rose, M, Hand, I, Gläscher, J, Büchel, C. Pathological gambling Is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:147–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Chang, L, Haning, W. Insights from recent positron emission tomographic studies of drug abuse and dependence. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006;19:246–252.Google Scholar
26.Volkow, ND, Fowler, JS. Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10:318–325.Google Scholar
27.Naqvi, NH, Bechara, A. The hidden island of addiction: the insula. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32:56–67.Google Scholar
28.Brody, AL, Mandelkern, MA, London, ED, et al.Brain metabolic changes during cigarette craving. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:1162–1172.Google Scholar
29.Brady, AL, Mandelkern, MA, Olmstead, RE, et al.Neural substrates of resisting craving during cigarette cue exposure. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:642–651.Google Scholar
30.Franklin, TR, Wang, Z, Wang, J, et al.Limbic activation to cigarette smoking cues independent of nicotine withdrawal: a perfusion fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32:2301–2309.Google Scholar
31.Kilts, CD, Schweitzer, JB, Quinn, CK, et al.Neural activity related to drug craving in cocaine addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:334–341.Google Scholar
32.Wang, GJ, Volkow, ND, Fowler, JS, et al.Regional brain metabolic activation during craving elicited by recall of previous drug experiences. Life Sci. 1999;64:775–784.Google Scholar
33.Myrick, H, Anton, RF, Li, X, et al.Differential brain activity in alcoholics and social drinkers to alcohol cues: relationship to craving. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:393–402.Google Scholar
34.Tapert, SF, Brown, GG, Baratta, MV, Brown, SA. fMRI BOLD response to alcohol stimuli in alcohol dependent young women. Addict Behav. 2004;29:33–50.Google Scholar
35.Naqvi, NH, Rudrauf, D, Damasio, H, Bechara, A. Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science. 2007;315:531–534.Google Scholar
36.Ko, CH, Liu, GC, Hsiao, S, et al.Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43:739–747.Google Scholar
37.Verdejo-Garcia, A, Perez-Garcia, M, Bechara, A. Emotion, Decision-Making and Substance Dependence: A Somatic-Marker Model of Addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2006;4:17–31.Google Scholar
38.Crockford, DN, Goodyear, B, Edwards, J, Quickfall, J, el-Guebaly, N. Cue-induced brain activity in pathological gamblers. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:787–795.Google Scholar
39.Wang, Z, Faith, M, Patterson, F, et al.Neural substrates of abstinence-induced cigarette cravings in chronic smokers. J Neurosci. 2007;27:14035–14040.Google Scholar
40.Ng, BD, Wiemer-hastings, P. Addiction to the Internet and Online Gaming. Cyber Psychology & Behavior. 2005;8:110–113.Google Scholar
41.Griffiths, MD, Davies, MN, Chappel, D. Demographic Factors and Playing Variables in Online Computer Gaming. Cyber Psychology & Behavior. 2004;7:479–487.Google Scholar