Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T09:10:30.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for the Evaluation of Bipolar Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

In Kyoon Lyoo ,
Jaeuk Hwang ,
Minyoung Sim ,
Brian J. Dunn  and
Perry F. Renshaw
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article reviews the current state of magnetic resonance imaging techniques as applied to bipolar disorder. Addressed are conventional methods of structural neuroimaging and recently developed techniques. This latter group comprises volumetric analysis, voxel-based morphometry, the assessment of T2 white matter hyperintensities, shape analysis, cortical surface-based analysis, and diffusion tensor imaging. Structural analysis methods used in magnetic resonance imaging develop exponentially, and now present opportunities to identify disease-specific neuroanatomic alterations. Greater acuity and complementarity in measuring these alterations has led to the generation of further hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Included in the summary of findings is consideration of a resulting neuroanatomic model. Integrative issues and future directions in this relatively young field, including multi-modal approaches enabling us to produce more comprehensive results, are discussed.

Type
Review Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 11 , Issue 4 , April 2006 , pp. 269 - 286
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Lopez-Larson, MP, DelBello, MP, Zimmerman, ME, Schwiers, ML, Strakowski, SM. Regional prefrontal gray and white matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:93–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Sax, KW, Strakowski, SM, Zimmerman, ME, DelBello, MP, Keck, PE Jr, Hawkins, JM. Frontosubcortical neuroanatomy and the continuous performance test in mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:139–141.Google Scholar
3.Strakowski, SM, DelBello, MP, Sax, KW, et al.Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:254–260.Google Scholar
4.Brambilla, P, Harenski, K, Nicoletti, M, et al.Differential effects of age on brain gray matter in bipolar patients and healthy individuals. Neuropsychobiology. 2001;43:242–247.Google Scholar
5.Damasio, AR. Neuropsychology. Towards a neuropathology of emotion and mood. Nature. 1997;386:769–770.Google Scholar
6.Ongur, D, Drevets, WC, Price, JL. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:13290–13295.Google Scholar
7.Drevets, WC, Price, JL, Simpson, JR Jr, et al.Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 1997;386:824–827.Google Scholar
8.Hirayasu, Y, Shenton, ME, Salisbury, DF, et al.Subgenual cingulate cortex volume in first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1091–1093.Google Scholar
9.Brambilla, P, Nicoletti, MA, Harenski, K, et al.Anatomical MRI study of subgenual prefrontal cortex in bipolar and unipolar subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;27:792–799.Google Scholar
10.Altshuler, LL, Bartzokis, G, Grieder, T, Curran, J, Mintz, J. Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:663–664.Google Scholar
11.Altshuler, LL, Bartzokis, G, Grieder, T, et al.An MRI study of temporal lobe structures in men with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:147–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Pearlson, GD, Barta, PE, Powers, RE, et al.Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award 1996. Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;41:1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Swayze, VW 2nd, Andreasen, NC, Alliger, RJ, Yuh, WT, Ehrhardt, JC. Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 1992;31:221–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Altshuler, LL, Conrad, A, Hauser, P, et al.Reduction of temporal lobe volume in bipolar disorder: a preliminary report of magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:482–483.Google ScholarPubMed
15.Hauser, P, Altshuler, LL, Berrettini, W, Dauphinais, ID, Gelernter, J, Post, RM. Temporal lobe measurement in primary affective disorder by magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1989;1:128–134.Google Scholar
16.Harvey, I, Persaud, R, Ron, MA, Baker, G, Murray, RM. Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls. Psychol Med. 1994;24:689–699.Google Scholar
17.Hirayasu, Y, Shenton, ME, Salisbury, DF, et al.Lower left temporal lobe MRI volumes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared with psychotic patients with first-episode affective disorder and normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1384–1391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Hauser, P, Matochik, J, Altshuler, LL, et al.MRI-based measurements of temporal lobe and ventricular structures in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. J Affect Disord. 2000;60:25–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Johnstone, EC, Owens, DG, Crow, TJ, et al.Temporal lobe structure as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989;52:736–741.Google Scholar
20.Schlaepfer, TE, Harris, GJ, Tien, AY, et al.Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:842–848.Google Scholar
21.Roy, PD, Zipursky, RB, Saint-Cyr, JA, Bury, A, Langevin, R, Seeman, MV. Temporal horn enlargement is present in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:418–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Strakowski, SM, Adler, CM, DeIBello, MP. Volumetric MRI studies of mood disorders: do they distinguish unipolar and bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disord. 2002;4:80–88.Google Scholar
23.Aylward, EH, Roberts-Twillie, JV, Barta, PE, et al.Basal ganglia volumes and white matter hyperintensities in patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:687–693.Google Scholar
24.Robinson, RG, Starkstein, SE. Mood disorders following stroke: new findings and future directions. J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1989;22:1–15.Google Scholar
25.Brambilla, P, Harenski, K, Nicoletti, MA, et al.Anatomical MRI study of basal ganglia in bipolar disorder patients. Psychiatry Res. 2001;106:65–80.Google Scholar
26.Dupont, RM, Jernigan, TL, Heindel, W, et al.Magnetic resonance imaging and mood disorders. Localization of white matter and other subcortical abnormalities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:747–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Strakowski, SM, Wilson, DR, Tohen, M, Woods, BT, Douglass, AW, Stoll, AL. Structural brain abnormalities in first-episode mania. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33:602–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.DelBello, MP, Zimmerman, ME, Mills, NP, Getz, GE, Strakowski, SM. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6:43–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Dasari, M, Friedman, L, Jesberger, J, et al.A magnetic resonance imaging study of thalamic area in adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 1999;91:155–162.Google Scholar
30.Caetano, SC, Sassi, R, Brambilla, P, et al.MRI study of thalamic volumes in bipolar and unipolar patients and healthy individuals. Psychiatry Res. 2001;108:161–168.Google Scholar
31.Frazier, JA, Chiu, S, Breeze, JL, et al.Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging of limbic and thalamic volumes in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1256–1265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Soares, JC, Mann, JJ. The anatomy of mood disorders–review of structural neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;41:86–106.Google Scholar
33.Strakowski, SM, DelBello, MP, Adler, C, Cecil, DM, Sax, KW. Neuroimaging in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2(3 pt 1):148–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Ashburner, J, Friston, KJ. Voxel-based morphometry–the methods. Neuroimage. 2000;11(6 pt 1):805–821.Google Scholar
35.Lyoo, IK, Kim, MJ, Stoll, AL, et al.Frontal lobe gray matter density decreases in bipolar I disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:648–651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Bruno, SD, Barker, GJ, Cercignani, M, Symms, M, Ron, MA. A study of bipolar disorder using magnetization transfer imaging and voxel-based morphometry. Brain. 2004;127(pt 11):2433–2440.Google Scholar
37.Good, CD, Johnsrude, IS, Ashburner, J, Henson, RN, Friston, KJ, Frackowiak, RS. A voxelbased morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. Neuroimage. 2001;14(1 pt 1):21–36.Google Scholar
38.Lochhead, RA, Parsey, RV, Oquendo, MA, Mann, JJ. Regional brain gray matter volume differences in patients with bipolar disorder as assessed by optimized voxel-based morphometry. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:1154–1162.Google Scholar
39.Dickstein, DP, Milham, MP, Nugent, AC, et al.Frontotemporal alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder: results of a voxel-based morphometry study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:734–741.Google Scholar
40.Wilke, M, Kowatch, RA, DelBello, MP, Mills, NP, Holland, SK. Voxel-based morphometry in adolescents with bipolar disorder: first results. Psychiatry Res. 2004;131:57–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Awad, IA, Johnson, PC, Spetzler, RF, Hodak, JA. Incidental subcortical lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. II. Postmortem pathological correlations. Stroke. 1986;17:1090–1097.Google Scholar
42.Kirkpatrick, JB, Hayman, LA. White-matter lesions in MR imaging of clinically healthy brains of elderly subjects: possible pathologic basis. Radiology. 1987;162:509–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Ginsberg, MD, Hedley-Whyte, ET, Richardson, EP Jr. Hypoxic-ischemic leukoencephalopathy in man. Arch Neurol. 1976;33:5–14.Google Scholar
44.Nag, S. Cerebral changes in chronic hypertension: combined permeability and immunohistochemical studies. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1984;62:178–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Bradley, WG Jr, Whittemore, AR, Watanabe, AS, Davis, SJ, Teresi, LM, Homyak, M. Association of deep white matter infarction with chronic communicating hydrocephalus: implications regarding the possible origin of normal-pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12:31–39.Google ScholarPubMed
46.Pillai, JJ, Friedman, L, Stuve, TA, et al.Increased presence of white matter hyperintensities in adolescent patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2002;114:51–56.Google Scholar
47.Lyoo, IK, Lee, HK, Jung, JH, Noam, GG, Renshaw, PF. White matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in children with psychiatric disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2002;43:361–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Ahn, KH, Lyoo, IK, Lee, HK, et al.White matter hyperintensities in subjects with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;58:516–521.Google Scholar
49.Dupont, RM, Butters, N, Schafer, K, Wilson, T, Hesselink, J, Gillin, JC. Diagnostic specificity of focal white matter abnormalities in bipolar and unipolar mood disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:482–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.McDonald, WM, Tupler, LA, Marsteller, FA, et al.Hyperintense lesions on magnetic resonance images in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:965–971.Google Scholar
51.Strakowski, SM, Woods, BT, Tohen, M, Wilson, DR, Douglass, AW, Stoll, AL. MRI subcortical signal hyperintensities in mania at first hospitalization. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33:204–206.Google Scholar
52.Dupont, RM, Jernigan, TL, Butters, N, et al.Subcortical abnormalities detected in bipolar affective disorder using magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and neuropsychological significance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:55–59.Google Scholar
53.Chang, K, Karchemskiy, A, Barnea-Goraly, N, Garrett, A, Simeonova, DI, Reiss, A. Reduced amygdalar gray matter volume in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:565–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Breeze, JL, Hesdorffer, DC, Hong, X, Frazier, JA, Renshaw, PF. Clinical significance of brain white matter hyperintensities in young adults with psychiatric illness. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2003;11:269–283.Google Scholar
55.McIntosh, AM, Job, DE, Moorhead, TW, et al.Voxel-based morphometry of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:544–552.Google Scholar
56.Adler, CM, Levine, AD, DelBello, MP, et al.Changes in gray matter volume in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:151–157.Google Scholar
57.Chang, K, Barnea-Goraly, N, Karchemskiy, A, et al.Cortical magnetic resonance imaging findings in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:197–203.Google Scholar
58.Adachi, T, Takagi, M, Hoshino, H, Inafuku, T. Effect of extracranial carotid artery stenosis and other risk factors for stroke on periventricular hyperintensity. Stroke. 1997;28:2174–2179.Google Scholar
59.Isaka, Y, Okamoto, M, Ashida, K, Imaizumi, M. Decreased cerebrovascular dilatory capacity in subjects with asymptomatic periventricular hyperintensities. Stroke. 1994;25:375–381.Google Scholar
60.Zgaljardic, DJ, Borod, JC, Foldi, NS, Mattis, P. A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson's disease: relationship to frontostriatal circuitry. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2003;16:193–210.Google Scholar
61.Wang, L, Joshi, SC, Miller, MI, Csernansky, JG. Statistical analysis of hippocampal asymmetry in schizophrenia. Neuroimage. 2001;14:531–545.Google Scholar
62.Szekely, G, Kelemen, A, Brechbuhler, C, Gerig, G. Segmentation of 2-D and 3-D objects from MRI volume data using constrained elastic deformations of flexible Fourier contour and surface models. Med Image Anal. 1996;1:19–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Zeng, X, Staib, LH, Schultz, RT, Duncan, JS. Segmentation and measurement of the cortex from 3-D MR images using coupled-surfaces propagation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1999;18:927–937.Google Scholar
64.Davies, RH, Twining, CJ, Cootes, TF, Waterton, JC, Taylor, CJ. A minimum description length approach to statistical shape modeling. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2002;21:525–537.Google Scholar
65.Christensen, GE, Joshi, SC, Miller, MI. Volumetric transformation of brain anatomy. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1997;16:864–877.Google Scholar
66.Miller, M, Banerjee, A, Christensen, G, et al.Statistical methods in computational anatomy. Stat Methods Med Res. 1997;6:267–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Haller, JW, Banerjee, A, Christensen, GE, et al.Three-dimensional hippocampal MR morphometry with high-dimensional transformation of a neuroanatomic atlas. Radiology. 1997;202:504–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Thompson, PM, MacDonald, D, Mega, MS, Holmes, CJ, Evans, AC, Toga, AW. Detection and mapping of abnormal brain structure with a probabilistic atlas of cortical surfaces. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997;21:567–581.Google Scholar
69.Thompson, PM, Toga, AW. Detection, visualization and animation of abnormal anatomic structure with a deformable probabilistic brain atlas based on random vector field transformations. Med Image Anal. 1997;1:271–294.Google Scholar
70.Giblin, P, Kimia, BB. A formal classification of 3D medial axis points and their local geometry. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. 2004;26:238–251.Google Scholar
71.Styner, M, Gerig, G, Lieberman, J, Jones, D, Weinberger, D. Statistical shape analysis of neuroanatomical structures based on medial models. Med Image Anal. 2003;7:207–220.Google Scholar
72.Sijbers, J, Ceulemans, T, Van Dyck, D. Algorithm for the computation of 3D Fourier descriptors. Paper presented at: International Conference on Pattern Recognition. August 11-14, 2002; Quebec City, Canada.Google Scholar
73.Brechbuhler, C, Gerig, G, Kubler, O. Parametrization of Closed Surfaces for 3-D Shape-Description. Comput Vis Image Underst 1995;61:154–170.Google Scholar
74.Styner, M, Lieberman, JA, Pantazis, D, Gerig, G. Boundary and medial shape analysis of the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Med Image Anal. 2004;8:197–203.Google Scholar
75.Hwang, J, Lyoo, IK, Dager, SR, et al.Basal ganglia shape alteration in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:276–285Google Scholar
76.Schindler, MK, Wang, L, Selemon, LD, Goldman-Rakic, PS, Rakic, P, Csernansky, JG. Abnormalities of thalamic volume and shape detected in fetally irradiated rhesus monkeys with high dimensional brain mapping. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:827–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Sowell, ER, Thompson, PM, Peterson, BS, et al.Mapping cortical gray matter asymmetry patterns in adolescents with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuroimage. 2002;17:1807–1819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78.Zilles, K. Cortex. In: Paxinos, G, ed. The Human Nervous System. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1990;757–802.Google Scholar
79.Rosas, HD, Liu, AK, Hersch, S, et al.Regional and progressive thinning of the cortical ribbon in Huntington's disease. Neurology. 2002;58:695–701.Google Scholar
80.Fischl, B, Dale, AM. Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:11050–11055.Google Scholar
81.Dale, AM, Fischl, B, Sereno, MI. Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. Neuroimage. 1999;9:179–194.Google Scholar
82.Fischl, B, Sereno, MI, Dale, AM. Cortical surface-based analysis. II: Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system. Neuroimage. 1999;9:195–207.Google Scholar
82.Fischl, B, Sereno, MI, Tootell, RB, Dale, AM. High-resolution intersubject averaging and a coordinate system for the cortical surface. Hum Brain Mapp. 1999;8:272–284.Google Scholar
84.Kuperberg, GR, Broome, MR, McGuire, PK, et al.Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:878–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85.Sailer, M, Fischl, B, Salat, D, et al.Focal thinning of the cerebral cortex in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2003;126(pt 8):1734–1744.Google Scholar
86.Salat, DH, Buckner, RL, Snyder, AZ, et al.Thinning of the cerebral cortex in aging. Cereb Cortex. 2004;14:721–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87.Lyoo, IK, Sung, YH, Dager, SR, et al.Regional cerebral cortical thinning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8:65–74.Google Scholar
88.Basser, PJ, Mattiello, J, LeBihan, D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J. 1994;66:259–267.Google Scholar
89.Basser, PJ, Pierpaoli, C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J Magn Reson B. 1996;111:209–219.Google Scholar
90.Adler, CM, Holland, SK, Schmithorst, V, et al.Abnormal frontal white matter tracts in bipolar disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6:197–203.Google Scholar
91.Haznedar, MM, Roversi, F, Pallanti, S, et al.Fronto-thalamo-striatal gray and white matter volumes and anisotropy of their connections in bipolar spectrum illnesses. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:733–742.Google Scholar
92.Beyer, JL, Taylor, WD, MacFall, JR, et al.Cortical white matter microstructural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:2225–2229.Google Scholar
93.Ketter, TA, Wang, PW, Dieckman, NF, Lembke, A, Becker, OV, Camilleri, C. Brain anatomic circuits and the pathophysiology of affective disorders. In: Soares, JC, ed. Brain Imaging in Affective Disorders. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2003:89–91.Google Scholar