Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T01:57:45.309Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Use of Mood Stabilizers and Atypical Antipsychotics in Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Robert A. Kowatch  and
Melissa P. DelBello
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The clinical use of mood stabilizers and antipsychotics in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders has increased significantly over the past few years. These agents have multiple effects and interactions. This articles reviews the studies that support the use of mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders and presents information on these agent's pharmacokinetics, dosing, and drug interactions.

Type
Review
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 8 , Issue 4: Pediatric Psychopharmacology , April 2003 , pp. 273 - 280
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Hirschfeld, RMA. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(suppl 12):1–36.Google Scholar
2.Kafantaris, V. Treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:732–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.McClellan, J, Werry, JS. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(suppl 10):157S–176S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Ghaemi, SN. On defining ‘mood stabilizer.’ Bipolar Disord. 2001;3:154–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Alessi, N, Naylor, MW, Ghaziuddin, M, Zubieta, JK. Update on lithium carbonate therapy in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33:291–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Manji, HK, Zarate, CA. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying mood stabilization in bipolar disorder: implications for the development of improved therapeutics. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(suppl 1):S1–S7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.McElroy, S, Keck, PJ. Pharmacologic agents for the treatment of acute bipolar mania. Bio Psychiatry. 2000;48:539–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Gram, LF, Rafaelsen, OJ. Lithium treatment of psychotic children and adolescents. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1972;48:253–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Lena, B. Lithium in child and adolescent psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36(special issue):854–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.McKnew, DH, Cytryn, L, Buchsbaum, MS, et al.Lithium in children of lithium-responding parents. Psychiatry Res. 1981;4:171–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Delong, GR, Nieman, MA. Lithium-induced behavior changes in children with symptoms suggesting manic-depressive illness. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1983;19:258–265.Google ScholarPubMed
12.Geller, B, Cooper, TB, Sun, K, et al.Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37:171–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Vitiello, B, Behar, D, Malone, R, Delaney, MA, Ryan, PJ, Simpson, GM. Pharmacokinetics of lithium carbonate in children. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8:355–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Weller, EB, Weller, RA, Fristad, MA. Lithium dosage guide for prepubertal children: a preliminary report. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1986;25:92–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Ciraulo, DA, Shader, RJ, Greenblatt, DJ, Creelman, WL, eds. Drug Interactions in Psychiatry. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1995.Google Scholar
16.Cohen, LS, Friedman, JM, Jefferson, JW, Johnson, EM, Weiner, ML. A reevaluation of risk of in utero exposure to lithium [published erratum appears in JAMA. 1994;271:1485].Google ScholarPubMed
JAMA. 1994;271:146–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Pope, HG Jr, McElroy, SL, Keck, PE Jr., Hudson, JI. Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. A placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:62–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Bowden, CL, Brugger, AM, Swann, AC, et al.Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The Depakote Mania Study Group [published erratum appears in JAMA. 1994;271:1830][see comments].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JAMA. 1994;271:918–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Loscher, W. Effects of the antiepileptic drug valproate on metabolism and function of inhibitory and excitatory amino acids in the brain. Neurochem Res. 1993;18:485–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Manji, HK, Chen, G, Hsiao, JK, Risby, ED, Masana, MI, Potter, WZ. Regulation of signal transduction pathways by mood-stabilizing agents: implications for the delayed onset of therapeutic efficacy. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(suppl 13):34–46.Google ScholarPubMed
21.McElroy, SL, Keck, PE Jr.Pharmacologic agents for the treatment of acute bipolar mania. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:539–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Kastner, F, Plummer, , Ruiz, , Henning, . Valproic acid for the treatment of children with mental retardation and mood symptomatogy. Pediatrics. 1990;86:467–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Kastner, F. Verapamil and valproic acid treatment of prolonged mania. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry. 1992;31:271–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Papatheodorou, G, Kutcher, SP. Divalproex sodium treatment in late adolescent and young adult acute mania. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1993;29:213–219.Google Scholar
25.West, SA, Keck, PEJ, McElroy, SL, et al.Open trial of valproate in the treatment of adolescent mania. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1994;4:263–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.West, K, McElroy, . Oral loading doses in the valproate treatment of adolescents with mixed bipolar disorder. J Child Adol Psychopharmacology. 1995;5:225–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Papatheodorou, G, Kutcher, SP, Katie, M, Szalai, JP. The efficacy and safety of divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute mania in adolescents and young adults: an open clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;15:110–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Whittier, MC, West, SA, Galli, VB, Raute, NJ. Valproic acid for dysphoric mania and mental retardation in an adolescent. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:590–591.Google Scholar
29.Deltito, JA, Levitan, J, Damore, J, Hajal, F, Zambenedetti, M. Naturalistic experience with the use of divalproex sodium on an in-patient unit for adolescent psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;97:236–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Kowatch, RA, Suppes, T, Carmody, TJ, et al.Effect size of lithium, divalproex sodium and carbamazepine in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Amer Acad Child Adol Psychiatry. 2000;39:713–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Wagner, KD, Weller, E, Biederman, J, et al.An open-label trial of divalproex in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Aodlesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:1224–1230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Cloyd, JC, Fischer, JH, Kriel, RL, Kraus, DM. Valproic acid pharmacokinetics in children. IV. Effects of age and antiepileptic drugs on protein binding and intrinsic clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1993;53:22–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Bowden, CL, Janicak, PG, Orsulak, P, et al.Relation of serum valproate concentration to response in mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:765–770.Google ScholarPubMed
34.Isojarvi, JI, Laatikainen, TJ, Pakarinen, AJ, Juntunen, KT, Myllyla, VV. Polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1383–1388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Isojarvi, JI, Laatikainen, TJ, Knip, M, Pakarinen, AJ, Juntunen, KT, Myllyla, VV. Obesity and endocrine disorders in women taking valproate for epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:579–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.O'Donovan, C, Kusumakar, V, Graves, GR, Bird, DC. Menstrual abnormalities and polycystic ovary syndrome in women taking valproate for bipolar mood disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:322–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Ernst, C, Goldberg, J. The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and broad-spectrum psychotropics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(suppl 4):42–55.Google ScholarPubMed
38.Puente, RM. The use of carbamazepine in the treatment of behavioural disorders in children. In: Birkmayer, W, ed. Epileptic Seizures–Behaviour–Pain. Baltimore, Md: University Park Press; 1975:243–252.Google Scholar
39.Evans, RW, Clay, TH, Gualtieri, CT. Carbamazepine in pediatric psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1987;26:2–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Kafantaris, V, Campbell, M, Padron-Gayol, MV, Small, AM, Locascio, JJ, Rosenberg, CR. Carbamazepine in hospitalized aggressive conduct disorder children: an open pilot study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28:193–199.Google ScholarPubMed
41.Cueva, JE, Overall, JE, Small, AM, Armenteros, JL, Perry, R, Campbell, M. Carbamazepine in aggressive children with conduct disorder: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:480–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Pleak, RR, Birmaher, B, Gavrilescu, A, Abichandani, C, Williams, DT. Mania and neuropsychiatric excitation following carbamazepine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1988;27:500–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Kusumakar, V, Yatham, LN. An open study of lamotrigine in refractory bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 1997;72:145–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Messenheimer, JA, Guberman, AH. Rash with lamotrigine: dosing guidelines. Epilepsia. 2000;41:488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Messenheimer, J. Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine in pediatric patients. J Child Neurol. 2002;17(suppl 2):2S34–2S42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Soutullo, CA, Casuto, LS, Keck, PEJ. Gabapentin in the treatment of adolescent mania: a case report. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1998;8:81–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Pande, AC, Davidson, JR, Jefferson, JW, et al.Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:341–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Pande, AC, Pollack, MH, Crockatt, J, et al.Placebo-controlled study of gabapentin treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:467–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.DelBello, M, Kowatch, R, Warner, J, Strakowski, S. Topiramate treatment for pediatric bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2002;12:323–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Crawford, P. An audit of topiramate use in a general neurology clinic. Seizure. 1998;7:207–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51.McElroy, SL, Suppes, T, Keck, PE, et al.Open-label adjunctive topiramate in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47:1025–1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Glick, I, Murray, S, Vasudevan, P, Marder, S, Hu, R. Treatment with atypical antipsychotics: new indications and new populations. J Psychiatr Res. 2001;35:187–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Kapur, S, Remington, G. Atypical antipsychotics: new directions and new challenges in the treatment of schizophrenia. Annu Rev Med. 2001;52:503–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Gupta, S, Masand, P. Olanzapine: review of its pharmacology and indications in clinical practice. Primary Psychiatry. 1997;4:73–82.Google Scholar
55.Keck, PJ, McElroy, S, Arnold, L. Bipolar disorder. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85:645–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Berk, M, Ichim, L, Brook, S. Olanzapine compared to lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;14:339–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57.Tohen, M, Jacobs, TG, Grundy, SL, et al.Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:841–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.Tohen, M, Jacobs, TG, Grundy, SL, et al.Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:841–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Segal, J, Berk, M, Brook, S. Risperidone compared with both lithium and haloperidol in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998;21:176–180.Google Scholar
60.Sachs, GS, Grossman, F, Ghaemi, SN, Okamoto, A, Bowden, CL. Combination of a mood stabilizer with risperidone or haloperidol for treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of efficacy and safety. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1146–1154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Tohen, M, Baker, R, Althsuler, L, et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex for the treatment of acute mania. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the European College of Neurospscyhopharmacology; Sept. 9-13, 2000; Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
62.Zajecka, J, Weisler, R, Swann, A, Wozniak, P, Sommerville, K. A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:1148–1155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Young, RC, Biggs, JT, Ziegler, VE, Meyer, DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133:429–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Kowatch, RA, Suppes, T, Gilfillan, SK, et al.Clozapine treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a clinical case series. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1995;5:241–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65.Frazier, J, Meyer, M, Biederman, J, et al.Risperidone treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:960–965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Soutullo, C, Sorter, M, Foster, K, McElroy, S, Keck, P. Olanzapine in the treatment of adolescent acute mania: a report of seven cases. J Affect Disord. 1999;53:279–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67.Khouzam, HR, El-Gabalawi F. Treatment of bipolar I disorder in an adolescent with olanzapine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;10:147–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68.Chang, K, Ketter, T. Mood stabilizer augmentation with olanzapine in acutely manic children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;10:45–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.DelBello, M, Schwiers, M, Rosenberg, H, Strakowski, S. Quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania associated with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:1216–1223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.Frazier, JA, Biederman, J, Jacobs, TG, et al.A prosepective open-label treatment trial of olanzapine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001;11:239–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Welch, R, Chue, P. Antipsychotic agents and QT changes. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2000;25:154–160.Google ScholarPubMed
72.Pfizer, I. Briefing document for Zeldoxa capsules (ziprasidone HCl) [transcript]. New York, NY: FDA Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee; July 19, 2000.Google Scholar
73.Tohen, M, Chengappa, KNR, Suppes, T, et al.Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002; 59:62–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Kafantaris, V, Coletti, DJ, Dicker, R, Padula, G, Kane, JM. Adjunctive antipsychotic treatment of adolescents with bipolar psychosis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:1448–1456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed