Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:47:16.974Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Recognizing and Treating Nonmotor Disorders Associated with Parkinson's Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Abstract

Recognizing the nonmotor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) is necessary to determine effective treatment regimens and achieve patients' maximum mobility, as well as enhance their quality of life. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) is a useful tool for the clinician in evaluating the entire patient. In this article, the nonmotor disorders related to PD are reviewed, with specific attention to the first and last sections of the UPDRS, which cover mentation and complications of therapy, respectively. Various treatment regimens for these nonmotor symptoms are presented. Other autonomic nervous system symptoms associated with PD, which are not assessed in the UPDRS, are also discussed.

Type
Feature Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Biggins, CA, Boyd, JL, Harrop, FA, et al.A controlled, longitudinal study of dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:566572.Google Scholar
2.Fitzgerald, PM, Jankovic, J. Nondopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease. In: Koller, WC, Paulson, G, eds. Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1990:369397.Google Scholar
3.Stacy, M, Jankovic, J. Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and the parkinsonism-plus syndromes. Neurol Clin. 1992;10:341359.Google Scholar
4.Stacy, M, Jankovic, J. Tardive dyskinesia. Current Opinion in Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1991;3:343349.Google Scholar
5.Koller, WC, Silver, DE, Lieberman, A. An algorithm for the management of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1994;44(suppl 10):S1S52.Google Scholar
6.Friedman, JH, Lannon, MC. Clozapine in the treatment of psychosis of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1989;39:12191221.Google Scholar
7.Lieberman, AN. Point of View: Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. Oxford, England: Elsevier Science. In press.Google Scholar
8.Saint-Cyr, JA, Taylor, AE, Lang, AE. Neuropsychological and psychiatric side effects in treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1993;43(suppl 6):S47S52.Google Scholar
9.Seimers, ER, Shekhar, A, Quaid, K, et al.Anxiety and motor performance in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1993;8:501506.Google Scholar
10.Stacy, M, Brownlee, J. Treatment options for early Parkinson's disease. Am Fam Physician. 1996;53:12811287.Google Scholar
11.Lang, AE. Restless leg syndrome and Parkinson's disease: insights into pathophysiology. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1987;10:476478.Google Scholar
12.Edwards, LL, Quigley, EMM, Hofman, R, et al.Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease: an 18-month follow-up study. Mov Disord. 1993;8:8386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Guillin, JC, Byerley, WF. The diagnosis and management of insomnia. N Engl J Med. 1990;332(suppl 4):239248.Google Scholar
14.Factor, SA, McClarney, T, Sanchez-Ramos, JR, et al.Sleep disorders and sleep effect in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1990;4:280285.Google Scholar
15.Tanner, CM, Goetz, CG, Klawans, HL. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. In: Koller, WC, ed. Handbook of Parkinson's Disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1992:185215.Google Scholar
16.van Dijk, JG, Haan, J, Zwinderman, K, et al.Autoimmune nervous system dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: relationships with age, medication, duration, and severity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:10901095.Google Scholar
17.Jost, WH, Schimrigk, D. Cisapride treatment of constipation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 1993;8:339343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed