Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:30:15.843Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Reassessing Carbamazepine in Bipolar Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Extract

This discussion focuses on the historical trends of carbamazepine in the treatment of acute mania, acute bipolar depression, and as maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder. Clinical implications of efficacy, safety, tolerability, and drug interactions associated with carbamazepine are discussed as well.

Important progress in bipolar disorders therapeutics began in the 1970s with lithium and the conventional antipsychotics, and continued in the 1980s with carbamazepine, in the 1990s with divalproex, and in the 2000s with lamotrigine and the introduction of the atypical antipsychotics. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used throughout these periods and still has a place in bipolar disorder, especially for severe, treatment-resistant, and very acute cases.

Type
Symposium Monograph Supplement
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Okuma, T, Kishimoto, A, Inoue, K, Matsumoto, H, Ogura, A. Anti-manic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine (Tegretol) on manic depressive psychosis. A preliminary report. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1973;27(4):283297.Google ScholarPubMed
2.Ballenger, JC, Post, RM. Therapeutic effects of carbamazepine in affective illness: a preliminary report. Commun Psychopharmacol. 1978;2(2):159175.Google ScholarPubMed
3.Denicoff, KD, Meglathery, SB, Post, RM, Tandeciarz, SI. Efficacy of carbamazepine compared with other agents: a clinical practice survey. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(2):7076.Google ScholarPubMed
4.Young, AH, Macritchie, KA, Calabrese, JR. Treatment of bipolar affective disorder. BMJ. 2000;321(7272):13021303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(suppl 4):150.Google Scholar
6.Greil, W, Kleindienst, N, Erazo, N, Muller-Oerlinghausen, B. Differential response to lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18(6):455460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Gerner, RH, Stanton, A. Algorithm for patient management of acute manic states: lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12(suppl 1):57S63S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Hirschfeld, RM, Kasper, S. A review of the evidence for carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;7(4):507522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Weisler, RH, Kalali, AH, Ketter, TA; SPD417 Study Group. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(4):478484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Suppes, T, Dennehy, EB, Swann, AC, et al. Report of the Texas Consensus Conference Panel on medication treatment of bipolar disorder 2000. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(4):288299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Post, RM, Uhde, TW, Roy-Byrne, PP, Joffe, RT. Correlates of antimanic response to carbamazepine. Psychiatry Res. 1987;21(1):7183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Lerer, B, Moore, N, Meyendorff, E, Cho, SR, Gershon, S. Carbamazepine versus lithium in mania: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48(3):8993.Google Scholar
13.Small, JG, Klapper, MH, Milstein, V, et al. Carbamazepine compared with lithium in the treatment of mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(10):915921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Okuma, T, Inanaga, K, Otsuki, S, et al. Comparison of the antimanic efficacy of carbamazepine and chlorpromazine: a double-blind controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979;66(3):211217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Grossi, E, Sacchetti, E, Vita, A, et al. Carbamazepine versus chlorpromazine in mania: a double-blind trial. In: Emrich, HM, Okuma, T, Müller, AA, eds. Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1984:177187.Google Scholar
16.Bowden, CL, Brugger, AM, Swann, AC, et al. Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The Depakote Mania Study Group. JAMA. 1994;271(12):918924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Bowden, CL, Grunze, H, Mullen, J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of quetiapine or lithium as monotherapy for mania in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. In Review.Google Scholar
18.Tohen, M, Baker, RW. Altshuler, LL, et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159(6):10111017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Zajecka, JM, Weisler, R, Sachs, G, Swann, AC, Wozniak, P, Sommerville, KW. A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(12):11481155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Weisler, RH, Keck, PE, Swann, AC, Cutler, AJ, Ketter, TA. Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for acute mania in bipolar disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. In Review.Google Scholar
21.Tohen, M, Sanger, TM, McElroy, SL, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Olanzapine HGEH Study Group. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(5):702709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Tohen, M, Jacobs, TG, Grundy, SL, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Olanzapine HGGW Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(9):841849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Hirschfeld, RM, Keck, PE Jr., Kramer, M, et al. Rapid antimanic effect of risperidone monotherapy: a 3-week multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(6):10571065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Khanna, S, Hirschfeld, RMA, Karcher, K, Grossman, F, Kramer, ML. Risperidone monotherapy in acute bipolar mania. Presented at: 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 17-22, 2003; San Francisco, CA. Poster NR424.Google Scholar
25.Calabrese, JR, Vieta, E, Mullen, J, Brecher, M, Paulsson, B, Jones, MW. Quetiapine monotherapy for mania associated with bipolar disorder: analysis of two international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. In Review.Google Scholar
26.Potkin, SG, Sprague, R, Keck, PE Jr., et al. Ziprasidone in bipolar mania: efficacy across patient subgroups. Presented at: 157th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 1-6, 2004; New York, NY. Poster NR777.Google Scholar
27.Keck, PE Jr., Marcus, R, Tourkodimitris, S, Ali, M, Liebeskind, A, Saha, A, Ingenito, G. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(9):16511658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Sachs, GS, Sanchez, R, Marcus, RN, et al. Aripiprazole versus placebo in patients with an acute manic or mixed episode. Presented at: 157th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 1-6, 2004; New York, NY. Poster NR742.Google Scholar
29.Hirschfeld, RMA, Keck, PE Jr., Karcher, MS, Kramer, ML, Grossman, F. Rapid antimanic effect of risperidone monotherapy: a three-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Presented at: 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 17-22, 2003; San Francisco, CA. Poster NR182.Google Scholar
30.Klein, E, Bental, E, Lerer, B, Belmaker, RH. Carbamazepine and haloperidol v placebo and haloperidol in excited psychoses. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(2):165170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Lusznat, RM, Murphy, DP, Nunn, CM. Carbamazepine vs lithium in the treatment and prophylaxis of mania. Br J Psychiatry. 1988;153:198204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Moller, HJ, Kissling, W, Riehl, T, Bauml, J, Binz, U, Wendt, G. Double blind evaluation of the antimanic properties of carbamazepine as a comedication to haloperidol. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1989;13(1–2):127136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Okuma, T, Yamashita, I, Takahashi, R, et al. Clinical efficacy of carbamazepine in affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1989;22(2):4753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Okuma, T, Yamashita, I, Takahashi, R, et al. Comparison of the antimanic efficacy of carbamazepine and lithium carbonate by double-blind controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1990;23(3):143150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Sachs, GS. Advances in the treatment of acute depression in bipolar disorder. In: Ketter, TA, ed. Advances in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2005:57109.Google Scholar
36.Post, RM, Ketter, TA, Denicoff, K, et al. The place of anticonvulsant therapy in bipolar illness. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996;128(2):115129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Dilsaver, SC, Swann, SC, Chen, YW, et al. Treatment of bipolar depression with carbamazepine: results of an open study. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40(9):935937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Bowden, CL, Calabrese, JR, McElroy, SL, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(5):481489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Goodwin, GM, Bowden, CL, Calabrese, JR, et al. A pooled analysis of 2 placebo-controlled 18-month trials of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance in bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(3):432441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Tohen, MF, Bowden, CL, Calabrese, JR, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo for relapse prevention in bipolar disorder. Presented at: 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 17-22, 2003; San Francisco, CA. Abstract NR197.Google Scholar
41.Tohen, MF, Marneros, A, Bowden, CL, et al. Olanzapine versus lithium in relapse prevention in bipolar disorder. Presented at: 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 17-22, 2003; San Francisco, CA. Abstract NR 509.Google Scholar
42.Keck, PE, Sanchez, R, Marcus, RN, et al. Aripiprazole for relapse prevention in bipolar disorder in a 26-week trial. Presented at: 157th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; May 1-6, 2004; New York, NY. Abstract NR746.Google Scholar
43.Kleindienst, N, Greil, W. Differential efficacy of lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder: results of the MAP study. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;42(Suppl 1):210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Denicoff, KD, Smith-Jackson, EE, Disney, ER, Ali, SO, Leverich, GS, Post, RM. Comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium, carbamazepine, and the combination in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(11):470478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Placidi, GF, Lenzi, A, Lazzerini, F, Cassano, GB, Akiskal, HS. The comparative efficacy and safety of carbamazepine versus lithium: a randomized, double-blind 3-year trial in 83 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986;47(10):490494.Google ScholarPubMed
46.Watkins, SE, Callender, K, Thomas, DR, Tidmarsh, SF, Shaw, DM. The effect of carbamazepine and lithium on remission from affective illness. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:180182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Elphick, M, Lyons, F, Cowen, PJ. Low tolerability of carbamazepine in psychiatric patients may restrict its clinical usefulness. J Psychopharmacol. 1988;2:14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Mosolov, SN. [Comparative effectiveness of preventive use of lithium carbonate, carbamazepine and sodium valproate in affective and schizoaffective psychoses]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1991;91(4):7883.Google ScholarPubMed
49.Coxhead, N, Silverstone, T, Cookson, J. Carbamazepine versus lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992;85(2):114118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Greil, W, Ludwig-Mayerhofer, W, Erazo, N, et al. Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders--a randomised study. J Affect Disord. 1997;43(2):151161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Hartong, EG, Moleman, P, Hoogduin, CA, Broekman, TG, Nolen, WA; LitCar Group. Prophylactic efficacy of lithium versus carbamazepine in treatment-naive bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(2):144151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52. Thies-Flechtner, Muller-Oerlinghausen, B, Seibert, W, Walther, A, Greil, W. Effect of prophylactic treatment on suicide risk in patients with major affective disorders. Data from a randomized prospective trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1994;29:103107.Google Scholar
53.Ketter, TA, Kalali, AH, Weisler, RH; SPD417 Study Group. A 6-month, multi-center, open-label evaluation of beaded, extended-release carbamazepine capsule monotherapy in bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(5):668673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Bowden, CL, Calabrese, JR, Sachs, G, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(4):392400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Calabrese, JR, Bowden, CL, Sachs, G, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(9):10131024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Tohen, M, Ketter, TA, Zarate, CA, et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex sodium for the treatment of acute mania and maintenance of remission: a 47-week study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(7):12631271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Frye, MA, Ketter, TA, Leverich, GS, et al. The increasing use of polypharmacotherapy for refractory mood disorders: 22 years of study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(1):915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Solomon, DA, Ryan, CE, Keitner, GI, et al. A pilot study of lithium carbonate plus divalproex sodium for the continuation and maintenance treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(3):9599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Dunner, DL, Fieve, RR. Clinical factors in lithium carbonate prophylaxis failure. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;30(2):229233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Kukopulos, A, Reginaldi, D, Laddomada, P, Floris, G, Serra, G, Tondo, L. Course of the manicdepressive cycle and changes caused by treatment. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol. 1980;13(4):156167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Wehr, TA, Sack, DA, Rosenthal, NE, Cowdry, RW. Rapid cycling affective disorder: contributing factors and treatment responses in 51 patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(2):179184.Google ScholarPubMed
62.Glue, P. Rapid cycling affective disorders in the mentally retarded. Biol Psychiatry. 1989;26(3):250256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Maj, M, Pirozzi, R, Starace, F. Previous pattern of course of the illness as a pre-dictor of response to lithium prophylaxis in bipolar patients. J Affect Disord. 1989;17(3):237241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64.Okuma, T. Effects of carbamazepine and lithium on affective disorders. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;27(3):138145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Kukopulos, A. The role of antidepressant treatments in rapid cycling. Presented at: 2nd Annual International Conference on Bipolar Disorder; June 19-21, 1997; Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
66.Fujiwara, Y, Honda, T, Tanaka, Y, Aoki, S, Kuroda, S. Comparison of early- and late-onset rapid cycling affective disorders: clinical course and response to pharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18(4):282288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Calabrese, JR, Suppes, T, Bowden, CL, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Lamictal 614 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(11):841850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Kaplan, PW. Reproductive health effects and teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 2004;63(10 Suppl 4):S13S23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69. Prescribing information. Physician's Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Co; 2005.Google Scholar
70.Bar-Oz, B, Levichek, Z, Koren, G. Medications that can be fatal for a toddler with one tablet or teaspoonful: a 2004 update. Paediatr Drugs. 2004;6(2):123126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71.Chaudron, LH, Jefferson, JW. Mood stabilizers during breastfeeding: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(2):7990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Iqbal, MM, Gundlapalli, SP, Ryan, WG, Ryals, T, Passman, TE. Effects of antimanic mood-stabilizing drugs on fetuses, neonates, and nursing infants. South Med J. 2001;94(3):304322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73.Kirchheiner, J, Berghofer, A, Bolk-Weischedel, D. Healthy outcome under olanzapine treatment in a pregnant woman. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000;33(2):7880.Google ScholarPubMed
74.Ohman, I, Vitols, S, Tomson, T. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate, and during lactation. Epilepsia. 2000;41(6):709713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75. Equetro Prescribing Information, Shire, Wayne, PA.Google Scholar
76.Sobotka, JL, Alexander, B, Cook, BL. A review of carbamazepine's hematologic reactions and monitoring recommendations. DICP. 1990;24(12):12141219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Ginsberg, LD. US Psychiatric and Mental Health Congress; November 18-21, 2004; San Diego, Calif. Abstract 19.Google Scholar
78.Miller, AD, Krauss, GL, Hamzeh, FM. Improved CNS tolerability following conversion from immediate- to extended-release carbamazepine. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;109(6):374377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79.Charlet, M. Switching to carbamazepine extended-release capsules from immediate-release formulations: evaluation of safety and tolerability in patients with epilepsy. Poster presented at: 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; April 9-16, 2005; Miami, FL.Google Scholar
80.Moore, JL. Improved tolerability in adult and elderly patients with epilepsy switched to carbamazepine extended-release capsules from immediate-release formulations: a community-based trial. Poster presented at: 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; April 9-16, 2005; Miami, FL.Google Scholar
81.Moore, JL. Switching to carbamazepine extended-release capsules from immediate-release formulations: evaluation of medication satisfaction and preference. Poster presented at: 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; April 9-16, 2005; Miami, FL.Google Scholar
82.Cassidy, F, Ahearn, E, Carroll, BJ. Elevated frequency of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized manic-depressive patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(9):14171420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83.Weisler, RH, Keck, PE Jr, Swann, AC, et al. Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for acute mania in bipolar disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(3):323330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed