Hostname: page-component-669899f699-7xsfk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-25T19:41:46.582Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP): a review regarding perpetrators of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2020

Nuzhat Abdurrachid  and
João Gama Marques Open the ORCID record for João Gama Marques [Opens in a new window]
Nuzhat Abdurrachid
Affiliation:
Clínica Universitária de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
João Gama Marques*
Affiliation:
Clínica Universitária de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Clínica de Psiquiatria Geral e Transcultural, Hospital Júlio de Matos, Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
*
*Author for correspondence: João Gama Marques, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) is well-known to clinicians, but its usage is discouraged now in favor of other terms placing emphasis on the victim. This study aims to determine the most common characteristics of perpetrators but only in case reports labeled as MSBP, published in PubMed literature in the past 15 years. MSBP has been described as a rare form of abuse due to illness falsification, where the perpetrator usually receives the diagnosis of factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA). We extracted data from 108 articles, including 81 case reports. Almost all perpetrators were female (91% female, 1% female and male, 7% unreported). Twenty-three cases (28%) had a perpetrator with psychiatric diagnosis: factitious disorder imposed on self (10%), depression (9%), and personality disorders (7%). In more than one-third (36%) there was familial conflict or abuse. Fourteen cases (17%) had perpetrators working in healthcare. The most common type of falsification was induction (74%); however, 15% of cases had more than one type of falsification. The most common outcomes were: separation (37%); no follow-up (22%); imprisonment (14%); death of victim (12%); treatment of the perpetrator (10%); continued living together (4%); and suicide of perpetrator (1%). Recurrence was present in more than three quarters of cases. Our results reiterate that awareness of the most common findings in MSBP allows physicians to identify them in a clinical context.

Keywords

Munchausen syndrome by proxyfactitious disorder imposed on anotherpaediatric condition falsificationmedical child abuse
Type
Review
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , February 2022 , pp. 16 - 26
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Asher, R. Munchausen’s syndrome. Lancet. 1951;257(6650):339–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, GP, Feldman, MD. Factitious disorder: a systematic review of 455 cases in the professional literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016;41:20–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gavin, H. On feigned and factitious diseases, chiefly of soldiers and seamen; on the means used to simulate or produce them; and on the best modes of discovering impostors. Br Foreign Med Rev. 1838;18(35):117 Google Scholar
Kanaan, RAA, Wessely, SC. The origins of factitious disorder. Hist Human Sci. 2010;23(2):68–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCulloch, V, Feldman, MD. Munchausen by proxy by internet. Child Abus Negl. 2011;35(11):965–966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulman, A, Taylor, J. Munchausen by internet: current research and future directions. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(4):115 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knobloch, F. Ganser syndrome and DSM-III. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(3):393 Google ScholarPubMed
Meadow, R. Munchausen syndome by proxy, the hinterland of child abuse. Lancet. 1977;310(8033):343–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
APSAC Taskforce. Munchausen by proxy: clinical and case management guidance. 2017; https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/4700a8_3a615184374e4210b739f7b75721b567.pdf Google Scholar
Meadow, R. What is, and what is not, “Munchausen syndrome by proxy”? Arch Dis Child. 1995;72(6):534–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flaherty, EG, MacMillan, HL. Caregiver-fabricated illness in a child: a manifestation of child maltreatment. Pediatrics. 2013;132(3):590–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. . Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013:324–326.Google Scholar
Schreier, HA, Libow, JA. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: diagnosis and prevalence. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1993;63(2):318–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Fabricated or Induced Illness by Carers (FII): A Practical Guide for Paediatricians. 2009. https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Fabricated_or_Induced_Illness_by_Carers_A_Practical_Guide_for_Paediatricians_2009.pdf Google Scholar
Rosenberg, DA. Web of deceit: a literature review of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Child Abus Negl. 1987;11(4):547–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, KF, Farrell, PA. Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy: a little-known type of abuse. Postgrad Med. 1992;91(5):197–204.10.1080/00325481.1992.11701288CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Criddle, L. Monsters in the closet: Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Crit Care Nurse. 2010;30(6):46–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stirling, J, Jenny, C, Christian, C, Hibbard, RA, Kellogg, ND, Spivak, BS. Beyond Munchausen syndrome by proxy: identification and treatment of child abuse in a medical setting. Pediatrics. 2007;119(5):1026–1030.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houas, Y, Fitouri, F, Hamzaoui, M. Fabricated or induced illness in twins associated with insertion of trocar needles into their bodies. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2019;39(3):227–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, DM, Curran, KA. Medical child abuse: an unusual “source” of vaginal bleeding. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2019;32(3):334–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhne, ACA, Pitta, AC, Galassi, SC, et al. Munchausen by proxy syndrome mimicking childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2019;28(2):249–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swonke, ML, Smith, SA, Ohlstein, JF, Siddiqui, F, Szeremeta, W, Pine, HS. Unexplained destructive nasal lesions in half-brothers: a possible case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;123:75–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nogueira-de-Almeida, CA, de Almeida, CCJN, Pereira, NI, de Souza Filho, NA, de Oliveira, VA. Obesity as a presentation of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. J Trop Pediatr. 2018;64(1):78–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moon, LM, Childress, KJ, Isaac, R, Adeyemi-Fowode, O. Medical child abuse: a case presenting as anogenital bleeding of unknown origin in an older child. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2018;31(6):637–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittkowski, H, Hinze, C, Häfner-Harms, S, et al. Munchausen by proxy syndrome mimicking systemic autoinflammatory disease: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2017;15(1):1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dyer, C. Parents gave baby alcohol and antihistamines in case of induced illness. BMJ. 2017;356:1451 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braham, MY, Jedidi, M, Chkirbene, Y, et al. Caregiver-fabricated illness in a child: a case report of three siblings. J Forensic Nurs. 2017;13(1):39–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benito, IS. Letter to the editor. Int J Phytoremediation. 2007;20(1):135–136.Google Scholar
Gomila, I, López-Corominas, V, Pellegrini, M, et al. Alimemazine poisoning as evidence of Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a pediatric case report. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;266:e18–e22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valeina, S, Krumina, Z, Sepetiene, S, Andzane, G, Sture, EA, Taylor, D. Fabricated or induced illness presenting as recurrent corneal lesions, cataracts, and uveitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2016;53:6–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akın, O, Yeşilkaya, E, Sari, E, et al. A rare reason of hyperinsulinism: Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Horm Res Paediatr. 2017;86(6):416–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mantan, M, Dhingra, D, Gupta, A, Sethi, GR. Acute kidney injury in a child: a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26(6):1279–1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabbone, I, Galderisi, A, Tinti, D, Ignaccolo, MG, Barbetti, F, Cerutti, F. Case report: when an induced illness looks like a rare disease. Pediatrics. 2015;136(5):e1361–e1365.10.1542/peds.2014-4165CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koetting, C. Caregiver-fabricated illness in a child. J Forensic Nurs. 2015;11(2):114–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yalndağ-Öztürk, N, Erkek, N, Şirinoğlu, MB. Think again—first do no harm: a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31(10):720–721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ali, SN, Ali, AN, Ali, MN. Münchausen syndrome by proxy: the overlooked diagnosis. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2015;27(2):489–491.Google ScholarPubMed
Sachdeva, S, Bhansali, P, Fletcher, C, Jones, A, Miller, H, Mittal, V. Index of suspicion. Pediatr Rev. 2014;35(5):206–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qureshi, TN, Aijaz, N, Shamim, S. Munchausen syndrome by proxy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2014;24(5):377–378.Google ScholarPubMed
Ashraf, N, Thevasagayam, MS. Munchausen syndrome by proxy presenting as hearing loss. J Laryngol Otol. 2014;128(6):540–542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foto Özdemir, D, Yalçın, SS, Zeki, A, et al. Munchausen syndrome by proxy presented as recurrent respiratory arrest and thigh abscess: a case study and overview. Turk J Pediatr. 2013;55(3):337–343.Google ScholarPubMed
Türkmen, Z, Ziyalar, N, Tari, I, et al. Toxicological evaluation of two children diagnosed as Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Turk J Pediatr. 2012;54:283–286.Google ScholarPubMed
Deimel, GW, Burton, MC, Raza, SS, Lehman, JS, Lapid, MI, Bostwick, JM. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: an adult dyad. Psychosomatics. 2012;53(3):294–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narang, T, Kanwar, AJ, Kumaran, MS, Singh, SM. Munchausen by proxy in a family. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012;78(6):748–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Casale, A, Ferracuti, S, Rapinesi, C, et al. Factitious disorder comorbid with bipolar I disorder. a case report. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;219(1–3):37–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsai, HL, Yang, LY, Chin, TW, et al. Child abuse in medical setting presenting as gross hematuria: diagnosis by DNA short tandem repeats. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):e224–e229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, M, Nguyen, M. Psychological sequelae of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Child Abus Negl. 2011;35:87–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tüfekçi, Ö, Gözmen, S, Yılmaz, Ş, et al. A case with unexplained bleeding from multiple sites: Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2011;28(5):439–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kucuker, H, Demir, T, Resmiye, O. Pediatric condition falsification (Munchausen syndrome by proxy) as a continuum of maternal factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome). Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11(8):572–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugandhan, S, Gupta, S, Khandpur, S, Khanna, N, Mehta, M, Inna, P. “Munchausen syndrome by proxy” presenting as battered child syndrome: a report of two cases. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(6):679–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, JC, Lin, KL, Lin, JJ, Hsia, SH, Wu, CT. Non-accidental chlorpyrifos poisoning—an unusual cause of profound unconsciousness. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(4):509–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Owain, M, Al-Zaidan, H, Al-Hashem, A, Kattan, H, Al-Dowaish, A. Munchausen syndrome by proxy mimicking as Gaucher disease. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169(8):1029–1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Su, E, Shoykhet, M, Bell, MJ. Severe hypernatremia in a hospitalized child: Munchausen by proxy. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;43(4):270–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozon, A, Demirbilek, H, Ertugrul, A, Unal, S, Gumruk, F, Kandemir, N. Anemia and neutropenic fever with high dose diazoxide treatment in a case with hyperinsulinism due to Munchausen by proxy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2010;23(7):719–723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, RP, Hollander, AS, Thevis, M, Thomas, A, Dietzen, DJ. Detection of surreptitious administration of analog insulin to an 8-week-old infant. Pediatrics. 2010;125(5): e1236-40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clin, B, Ferrant, O, Dupont, C, Papin, F. Recurrent caustic esophagitis: a clinical form of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Child Abus Negl. 2009;33:293–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Astuto, M, Minardi, C, Rizzo, G, Gullo, A. Unexplained seizures in an infant. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):94 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meehan, WP, Merschman, KM, Chiang, VW. An 18-month-old girl with recurrent apneic spells. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(8):546–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, A, Leal, T, Godding, V, Villanueva, P, Wallemacq, P, Lebecque, P. Sweat potassium concentration may help to identify falsification of sweat test: a case report. Clin Biochem. 2008;41:1110–1112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klepper, J, Heringhaus, A, Wurthmann, C, Voit, T. Expect the unexpected: favourable outcome in Munchausen by proxy syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167(9):1085–1088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamay, Z, Akcay, A, Kilic, G, et al. Corrosive poisoning mimicking cicatricial pemphigoid: Munchausen by proxy. Child Care Health Dev. 2007;33(4):496–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, KW, Feldman, MD, Grady, R, Burns, MW, McDonald, R. Renal and urologic manifestations of pediatric condition falsification/Munchausen by proxy. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(6):849–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willis, T, Roper, H, Rabb, L. Lamotrigine poisoning presenting as seizures: a case of deliberate poisoning. Child Abus Negl. 2007;31:85–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, KE, Izsak, E, Marlow, J. Munchausen syndrome by proxy caused by ipecac poisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006;22(9):655–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vennemann, B, Perdekamp, MG, Weinmann, W, Faller-Marquardt, M, Pollak, S, Brandis, M. A case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy with subsequent suicide of the mother. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;158:195–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolz, WEA, Brouwer, HGF, Schoenmakers, CHH. Measurement of HbF concentration for diagnosing a case of Munchausen by proxy syndrome. J Pediatr. 2006;148(1):146 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leider, HS, Irving, SY, Mauricio, R, Graf, JM. Munchausen syndrome by proxy—a case report. AACN Clin Issues. 2005;16(2):187–184.Google Scholar
Bennett, AMD, Bennett, SMV, Prinsley, PR, Wickstead, M. Spitting in the ear: a falsified disease using video evidence. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119(11):926–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Araníbar, H, Cerda, M. Hypoglycemic seizure in Munchausen-by-proxy syndrome. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005;21(6):378–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Awadallah, N, Vaughan, A, Franco, K, Munir, F, Sharaby, N, Goldfarb, J. Munchausen by proxy: a case, chart series and literature review of older victims. Child Abus Negl. 2005;29:931–941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vennemann, B, Bajanowski, T, Karger, B, Pfeiffer, H, Köhler, H, Brinkmann, B. Suffocation and poisoning—the hard-hitting side of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Int J Legal Med. 2005;119(2):98–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giurgea, I. Factitious hyperinsulinism leading to pancreatectomy: severe forms of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatrics. 2005;116(1):145–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteiro, C, Trindade, E, Monteiro, F, et al. Blood group-antigen profile predicted by molecular biology in Munchausen syndrome by proxy. J Lab Clin Med. 2004;144(6):319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fishbain, DA. Malingering, primary and secondary gain. In: Schmidt, R, Willis, W, eds. Encyclopedia of Pain. Berlin: Springer; 2006:1095–1097.Google Scholar
Dansak, DA. On the tertiary gain of illness. Compr Psychiatry. 1973;14(6):523–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meadow, R. Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Arch Dis Child. 1982;57(2):92–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rand, DC, Feldman, MD. An explanatory model for Munchausen by proxy abuse. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2001;31(2):113–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libow, JA, Schreier, HA. Three forms of factitious illness in children: when is it Munchausen syndrome by proxy? Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1986;56(4):602–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adshead, G, Bluglass, K. A vicious circle: transgenerational attachment representations in a case of factitious illness by proxy. Attach Hum Dev. 2001;3(1):77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adshead, G, Bluglass, K. Attachment representations in mothers with abnormal illness behaviour by proxy. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;187:328–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, MJ, Bursch, B. Psychological treatment of factitious disorder imposed on another/Munchausen by proxy abuse. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2019;27(1):139–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foreman, DM, Farsides, C. Ethical use of covert videoing techniques in detecting Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Br Med J. 1993;307(6904):611–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, MD, Rosenquist, PB, Bond, JP. Concurrent factitious disorder and factitious disorder by proxy: double jeopardy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1997;19(1):24–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabinerson, D, Kaplan, B, Orvieto, R, Dekel, A. Munchausen syndrome in obstetrics and gynecology. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2002;23(4):215–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, MD, Hamilton, JC. Serial factitious disorder and Munchausen by proxy in pregnancy. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60(12):1675–1678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, TW, Delplanche, ML, Davies, NP, Rose, CH. Factitious disorder-by-proxy simulating fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(3):732–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jureidini, J. Obstetric factitious disorder and unchausen syndrome by proxy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181(2):135–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yates, G, Bass, C. The perpetrators of medical child abuse (Munchausen syndrome by proxy)—a systematic review of 796 cases. Child Abus Negl. 2017;72:45–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meadow, R. Munchausen syndrome by proxy abuse perpetrated by men. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78(3):210–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bass, C, Jones, D. Psychopathology of perpetrators of fabricated or induced illness in children: case series. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(2):113–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bursch, B, Emerson, ND, Sanders, MJ. Evaluation and management of factitious disorder imposed on another. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2019;Google Scholar
Bass, C, Glaser, D. Early recognition and management of fabricated or induced illness in children. Lancet. 2014;383(9926):1412–1421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waller, DA. Obstacles to the treatment of Munchausen by proxy syndrome. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1983;22(1):80–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, B, Jones, DPH. Outcome of psychiatric intervention in factitious illness by proxy (Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy). Arch Dis Child. 1999;81(6):465–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreier, H. Munchausen by proxy. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2004;34(3):126–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, TL, Feldman, KW. Psychologic morbidity of children subjected to Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatrics. 1989;83(2):289–292.Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, P, McClure, RJ, Rolfe, K, et al. Procedures, placement, and risks of further abuse after Munchausen syndrome by proxy, non-accidental poisoning, and non-accidental suffocation. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78(3):217–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, MR, Callaghan, PD, Hunt, GE, Cornish, JL, McGregor, IS. A role for oxytocin and 5-HT1A receptors in the prosocial effects of 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”). Neuroscience. 2007;146(2):509–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, MG, Lee, R, Wardle, MC, Jacob, S, De Wit, H. Effects of MDMA and intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39(7):1654–1663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tupper, KW, Wood, E, Yensen, R, Johnson, MW. Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm. CMAJ. 2015;187(14):1054–1059.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Romeu, A, Kersgaard, B, Addy, PH. Clinical applications of hallucinogens: a review. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;24(4):229–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walpola, IC, Nest, T, Roseman, L, et al. Altered Insula Connectivity under MDMA. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(11):2152–2162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, T, Jones, DPH, Ramchandani, PG, Stein, A, Bass, C. Intergenerational transmission of health beliefs in somatoform disorders: exploratory study. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191:449–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libow, JA. Beyond collusion: active illness falsification. Child Abus Negl. 2002;26(5):525–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bools, CN, Neale, BA, Meadow, SR. Follow up of victims of fabricated illness (Munchausen syndrome by proxy). Arch Dis Child. 1993;69(6):625–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, DPH. The untreatable family. Child Abus Negl. 1987;11(3):409–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denson, TF, O’Dean, SM, Blake, KR, Beames, JR. Aggression in women: behavior, brain and hormones. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12: 81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glynn, LM, Davis, EP, Sandman, CA, Goldberg, WA. Gestational hormone profiles predict human maternal behavior at 1-year postpartum. Horm Behav. 2016;85:19–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochran, DM, Fallon, D, Hill, M, Frazier, JA. The role of oxytocin in psychiatric disorders: a review of biological and therapeutic research findings. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2013;21(5):219–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed