Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:35:34.560Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Healthcare Resource Utilization in Bipolar Depression Compared with Unipolar Depression: Results of a United States Population-Based Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Mark A. Frye ,
Joseph R. Calabrese ,
Michael L. Reed  and
Robert M.A. Hirschfeld
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction:

This study examined healthcare utilization in the past year by subjects who screened positive for bipolar versus unipolar depression.

Method:

A self-administered survey was completed in 2002 by a United States population-based sample. Respondents were categorized into one of three subgroups: bipolar depressed screen positive (BP DEP+, n=394); unipolar depressed screen positive (UP DEP+, n=794); and control subjects (n=1,612).

Results:

For depressive symptoms in the past year, BP DEP+ respondents were significantly more likely than UP DEP+ respondents to report a healthcare visit to a number of diverse care providers. In analyses controlled for demographics and depression severity, the differences in psychiatric hospitalization, psychologist/counselor outpatient visit, substance abuse/social services visit, and number of emergency room visits remained significant between BP DEP+ and UP DEP+ respondents.

Conclusion:

Subjects with self-reported bipolar depression sought care more often from a number of diverse healthcare resources than subjects with self-reported unipolar depression. These findings underscore the morbidity associated with bipolar depression.

Type
Original Research
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 11 , Issue 9 , September 2006 , pp. 704 - 710
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Weissman, MM, Bland, RC, Canino, GJ, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA. 1996;276:293–299.Google Scholar
2. Kessler, RC, McGonagle, KA, Zhao, S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DMSIII-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:8–19.Google Scholar
3. Hirschfeld, RM, Calabrese, JR, Weissman, MM, et al. Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:53–59.Google Scholar
4. Goetzel, RZ, Hawkins, K, Ozminkowski, RJ, et al. The health and productivity cost burden of the “top 10” physical and mental health conditions affecting six large US employers in 1999. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45:5–14.Google Scholar
5. Bryant-Comstock, L, Stender, M, Devercelli, G. Health care utilization and costs among privately insured patients with bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4:398–405.Google Scholar
6. Peele, P, Xu, Y, Kupfer, DJ. Insurance expenditures on bipolar disorder: clinical and parity implications. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1286–1290.Google Scholar
7. Simon, GE, Unutzer, J. Health care utilization and costs among patients treated for bipolar disorder in an insured population. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50:1303–1308.Google Scholar
8. Simon, GE. Social and economic burden of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:208–215.Google Scholar
9. Bauer, MS, Shea, N, McBride, L, Gavin, C. Predictors of service utilization in veterans with bipolar disorder: a prospective study. J Affect Disord. 1997;44:159–168.Google Scholar
10. Judd, LL, Akiskal, HS, Schettler, PJ, et al. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:530–537.Google Scholar
11. Judd, LL, Akiskal, HS, Schettler, PJ, et al. A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:261–269.Google Scholar
12. Post, RM, Denicoff, KD, Leverich, GS, et al. Morbidity in 258 bipolar outpatients followed for 1 year with daily prospective ratings on the NIMH life chart method. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:680–690.Google Scholar
13. Hirschfeld, RM, Williams, JB, Spitzer, RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1873–1875.Google Scholar
14. Hirschfeld, RM, Holzer, C, Calabrese, JR, et al. Validity of the mood disorder questionnaire: a general population study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:178–180.Google Scholar
15. Hirschfeld, RM, Cass, AR, Holt, DC, Carlson, CA. Screening for bipolar disorder in patients treated for depression in a family medicine clinic. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005;18:233–239.Google Scholar
16. Radloff, L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1:295–401.Google Scholar
17. Spiessl, H, Hubner-Liebermann, B, Cording, C. Differences between unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Review and results from a clinical population. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2002;70:403–409.Google Scholar
18. Bartels, SJ, Forester, B, Miles, KM, Joyce, T. Mental health service use by elderly patients with bipolar disorder and unipolar major depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;8:160–166.Google Scholar
19. Frye, MA, Altshuler, LL, McElroy, SL, et al. Gender differences in prevalence, risk, and clinical correlates of alcoholism comorbidity in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:883–889.Google Scholar
20. Wells, KB, Miranda, J, Bauer, MS, et al. Overcoming barriers to reducing the burden of affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:655–675.Google Scholar