Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T04:14:11.828Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genetic Linkage in Bipolar Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Carol A. Mathews  and
Victor I. Reus
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bipolar disorder is an etiologically complex syndrome that is dearly heritable. Multiple, genes, working singly or in concert, are likely to cause susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder genetics has progressed rapidly in the last few decades. However, specific causal genetic mutations for bipolar disorder have not been identified. Both candidate gene studies and complete genome screens have been conducted. They have provided compelling evidence for several potential bipolar disorder susceptibility loci in several regions of the genome. The strongest evidence suggests that bipolar disorder susceptibility loci may lie in one or more genomic regions on chromosomes 18, 4, and 21. Other regions of interest, including those on chromosomes 5 and 8, are also under investigation. New approaches, such as the use of genetically isolated populations and the use of endophenotypes for bipolar disorder, hold promise for continued advancement in the search to identify specific bipolar disorder genes.

Type
Review Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 8 , Issue 12: Bipolar Mood Disorder: Recent Developments Across the Spectrum , December 2003 , pp. 891 - 904
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Craddock, N, Khodel, V, Van, EP, Reich, T.Mathematical limits of multilocus models: the genetic transmission of bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57:690–702.Google ScholarPubMed
2.Gershon, ES, Hamovit, J, Guroff, JJ, et al.A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar, and normal control probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:1157–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Andreasen, NC, Rice, J, Endicott, J, Coryell, W, Grove, WM, Reich, T. Familial rates of affective disorder. A report from the national Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:461–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Mendlewicz, J, Rainer, JD. Adoption study supporting genetic transmission in manic-depressive illness. Nature. 1977;268:327–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Allen, MG, Cohen, S, Pollin, W, Greenspan, SI. Affective illness in veteran twins: a diagnostic review. Am J Psychiatry. 1974;131:1234–1239.Google ScholarPubMed
6.Bertelsen, A, Harvald, B, Hauge, M. A Danish twin study of manic-depressive disorders (22 monozygotic and 27 dizygotic twin pairs). Br J Psychiatry. 1977;130:330–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Kendler, KS, Pedersen, N, Johnson, L, Neale, MC, Mathe, AA. A pilot Swedish twin study of affective illness, including hospital-and population-ascertained subsamples. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:699–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Cardno, AG, Marshall, EJ, Coid, B, et al.Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:162–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Rice, J, Reich, T, Andreasen, NC, et al.The familial transmission of bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:441–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Pauls, DL, Bailey, JN, Carter, AS, Allen, CR, Egeland, JA. Complex segregation analyses of old order Amish families ascertained through bipolar I individuals. Am J Med Genet. 1995;60:290–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Spence, MA, Flodman, PL, Sadovnick, AD, Bailey-Wilson, JE, Ameli, H, Remick, RA. Bipolar disorder: evidence for a major locus. Am J Med Genet. 1995;60:370–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Goldin, LR, Gershon, ES, Targum, SD, Sparkes, RS, McGinniss, M. Segregation and linkage analyses in families of patients with bipolar, unipolar, and schizoaffective mood disorders. Am J Hum Genet. 1983;35:274–287.Google ScholarPubMed
13.Bucher, KD, Elston, RC, Green, R, et al.The transmission of manic depressive illness—II. Segregation analysis of three sets of family data. J Psychiatr Res. 1981;16:65–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Lander, E, Kruglyak, L. Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet. 1995;11:241–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Potash, JB, DePaulo, JR Jr.Searching high and low: a review of the genetics of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2000:2:8–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Mundo, E, Walker, M, Cate, T, Macciardi, F, Kennedy, JL. The role of serotonin transporter protein gene in antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:539–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Nibuya, M, Morinobu, S, Duman, RS. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neurosci. 1995;15:7539–7547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Smith, MA, Makino, S, Kvetnansky, R, Post, RM. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci. 1995;15:1768–1777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Neves-Pereira, M, Mundo, E, Muglia, P, King, N, Macciardi, F, Kennedy, JL. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71:651–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Sklar, P, Gabriel, SB, McInnis, MG, et al.Family-based association study of 76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus. Brain-derived neutrophic factor. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7:579–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Nakata, K, Ujike, H, Sakai, A, et al.Association study of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene with bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2003;337:17–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Elvidge, G, Jones, I, McCandless, F, Asherson, P, Owen, MJ, Craddock, N. Allelic variation of a Ball polymorphism in the DRD3 gene does not influence susceptibility to bipolar disorder: results of analysis and meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet. 2001;105:307–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Furlong, RA, Rubinsztein, JS, Ho, L, et al.Analysis and metaanalysis of two polymorphisms within the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:88–94.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Furlong, RA, Ho, L, Rubinsztein, JS, Walsh, C, Paykel, ES, Rubinsztein, JS. Analysis of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene in bipolar affective disorder by association studies, metaanalyses, and sequencing of the promoter. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:398–406.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Furlong, RA, Ho, L, Walsh, C, et al.Analysis and meta-analysis of two serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Am J Med Genet. 1998;81:58–63.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Berrettini, WH, Ferraro, TN, Goldin, LR, et al.Chromosome 18 DNA markers and manic-depressive illness: evidence for a susceptibility gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:5918–5921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Badner, JA, Berrettini, WH, et al.A high-density genome scan detects evidence for a bipolar-disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32 and other potential loci on 1q32 and 18p11.2. Proc Natl Acad Set U S A. 1999;96:5604–5609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Stine, OC, Xu, J, Koskela, RMcMahon, FJ, et al.Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57;1384–1394.Google ScholarPubMed
29.Gershon, ES, Badner, JA, Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Ferraro, TN, Berrettini, WH. Maternal inheritance and chromosome 18 allele sharing in unilineal bipolar illness pedigrees. Am J Med Genet. 1996;67:202–207.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Nothen, MM, Cichon, S, Rohleder, H, et al.Evaluation of linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 in a sample of 57 German families. Mol Psychiatry. 1999;4:76–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.McMahon, FJ, Hopkins, PJ, Xu, J, et al.Linkage of bipolar affective disorder to chromosome 18 markers in a new pedigree series. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61:1397–1404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Freimer, NB, Reus, VI, Escamilla, MA, et al.Genetic mapping using haplotype, association and linkage methods suggests a locus for severe bipolar disorder (BPI) at 18q22-q23. Nat Genet. 1996;12:436–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.McInnes, LA, Escamilla, MA, Service, SK, et al.A complete genome screen for genes predisposing to severe bipolar disorder in two Costa Rican pedigrees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:13060–13065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Escamilla, MA, McInnes, LA, Service, SK, et al.Genome screening for linkage disequilibrium in a Costa Rican sample of patients with bipolar-I disorder: a follow-up study on chromosome 18. Am J Med Genet. 2001;105:207–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Escamilla, MA, McInnes, LA, Spesny, M, et al.Assessing the feasibility of linkage disequilibrium methods for mapping complex traits: an initial screen for bipolar disorder loci on chromosome 18. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:1670–1678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Coon, H, Hoff, M, Holik, J, et al.Analysis of chromosome 18 DNA markers in multiplex pedigrees with manic depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:689–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.De bruyn, A, Souery, D, Mendelbaum, K, Mendlewicz, J, Van Broeckhoven, C. Linkage analysis of families with bipolar illness and chromosome 18 markers. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:679–688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Ewald, H, Mors, O, Koed, K, Eiberg, H, Kruse, TA. Susceptibility loci for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 18? A review and a study of Danish families. Psychiatr Genet. 1997;7:1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Badner, JA, Yoshikawa, T, et al.Initial genome scan of the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar pedigrees: chromosomes 4, 7, 9, 18, 19, 20, and 21q. Am J Med Genet. 1997;74:254–262.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Maier, W, Hallmayer, J, Zill, P, et al.Linkage analysis between peri-centrometric markers on chromosome 18 and bipolar disorder: a replication test. Psychiatry Res. 1995;59:7–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Pauls, DL, Ott, J, Paul, SM, et al.Linkage analyses of chromosome 18 markers do not identify a major susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57:636–643.Google ScholarPubMed
42.Knowles, JA, Rao, PA, Cox-Matise, T, et al.No evidence for significant linkage between bipolar affective disorder and chromosome 18 pericentromeric markers in a large series of multiplex extended pedigrees. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:916–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Mynett-Johnson, LA, Murphy, VE, Manley, P, Shields, DC, McKeon, P. Lack of evidence for a major locus for bipolar disorder in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 18 in Irish pedigrees. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:486–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Claes, S, Raeymaekers, P, Van den Broeck, M, et al.A chromosome 18 genetic linkage study in three large Belgian pedigrees with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 1997;43:195–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Kalsi, G, Smyth, C, Brynjolfsson, J, et al.Linkage analysis of manic depression (bipolar affective disorder) in Icelandic and British kindreds using markers on the short arm of chromosome 18. Hum Hered. 1997;47:268–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Dorr, DA, Rice, JP, Armstrong, C, Reich, T, Blehar, M. A metaanalysis of chromosome 18 linkage data for bipolar illness. Genet Epidemiol. 1997;14:617–622.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.McInnes, LA, Service, SK, Reus, VI, et al.Fine-scale mapping of a locus for severe bipolar mood disorder on chromosome 18p11.3 in the Costa Rican population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:11485–11490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Yoshikawa, T, Turner, G, Esterling, LE, Sanders, AR, Detera-Wadleigh, SD. A novel human myo-inositol monophosphatase gene, IMP.18p, maps to a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1997; 2:393–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Rojas, K, Liang, L, Johnson, EI, Berrettini, WH, Overhauser, J. Identification of candidate genes for psychiatric disorders on 18p11. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5:389–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Blackwood, DH, He, L, Morris, SW, et al.A locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 4p. Nat Genet. 1996;12:427–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Ewald, H, Degn, B, Mors, O, Kruse, TA. Support for the possible locus on chromosome 4p16 for bipolar affective disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1998;3:442–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Nothen, MM, Cichon, S, Franzek, E, et al.Systematic search for susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder [abstract]. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61:1679.Google Scholar
53.Evans, KL, Le Hellard, S, Morris, SW, et al.A 6.9-Mb high-resolution BAC/PAC contig of human 4p15.3-p16.1, a candidate region for bipolar affective disorder. Genomics. 2001;71:315–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Adams, LJ, Mitchell, PB, Fielder, SL, et al.A susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 4q35. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:1084–1091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Friddle, C, Koskela, R, Ranade, K, et al.Full-genome scan fot linkage in 50 families segregating the bipolar affective disease phenotype. Am J Hum Genet 2000;66:205–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56.Willour, VL, Zandi, PRGershon, ES, et al.Genome scan on fifty-six multiplex bipolar pedigrees collected by the NIMH genetics initiative (bipolar disorder) [abstract]. Am J Med Genet. 2001; 105:608.Google Scholar
57.Badenhop, RF, Moses, MJ, Scimone, A, et al.Genetic refinement and physical mapping of a 2.3 Mb probable disease region associated with a bipolar affective disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 4q35. Am J Med Genet. 2003;117B:23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Straub, RE, Lehner, T, Luo, Y, et al.A possible vulnerability locus for bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 21q22.3. Nat Genet. 1994;8:291–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Aita, VM, Liu, J, Knowles, JA, et al.A comprehensive linkage analysis of chromosome 21q22 supports prior evidence for a putative bipolar affective disorder locus. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:210–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Liu, J, Juo, SH, Terwilliger, JD, et al.A follow-up linkage study supports evidence for a bipolar affective disorder locus on chromosome 21q22. Am J Med Genet. 2001;105:189–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Badner, JA, Goldin, LR, et al.Affected-sib-pair analyses reveal support of prior evidence for a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on 21q. Am J Hum Genet. 1996;58:1279–1285.Google ScholarPubMed
62.Smyth, C, Kalsi, G, Curtis, D, et al.Two-locus admixture linkage analysis of bipolar and unipolar affective disorder supports the presence of susceptibility loci on chromosomes 11p15 and 21q22. Genomics. 1997;39:271–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Kwok, JB, Adams, LJ, Salmon, JA, Donald, JA, Mitchell, PB, Schofield, PR. Nonparametric simulation-based statistical analyses for bipolar affective disorder locus on chromosome 21q22.3. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:99–102.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Ewald, H, Eiberg, H, Mors, O, Flint, T, Kruse, TA. Linkage study between manic-depressive illness and chromosome 21. Am J Med Genet. 1996;67:218–224.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Byerley, W, Holik, J, Hoff, M, Coon, H. Search for a gene predisposing to manic-depression on chromosome 21. Am J Med Genet. 1995;60:231–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Mendlewicz, J, Fleiss, JL. Linkage studies with X-chromosome markers in bipolar (manic-depressives) and unipolar (depressive) illnessess. Biol Psychiatry. 1974;9:261–294.Google Scholar
67.Mendlewicz, J, Linkowski, P, Guroff, JJ, Van Praag, HM. Color blindness linkage to bipolar manic-depressive illness. New evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:1442–1447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Mendlewicz, J, Linkowski, P, Wilmotte, J. Linkage between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and manic-depressive psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1980;137:337–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Baron, M, Risch, N, Hamburger, R, et al.Genetic linkage between X-chromosome markers and bipolar affective illness. Nature. 1987;326:289–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70.Baron, M, Freimer, NF, Risch, N, et al.Diminished support for linkage between manic depressive illness and X-chromosome markers in three Israeli pedigrees. Nat Genet. 1993;3:49–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71.Mendlewicz, J, Simon, P, Sevy, S, et al.Polymorphic DNA marker on X chromosome and manic depression. Lancet 1987;1:1230–1232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72.Lucotte, G, Landoulsi, A, Berriche, S, David, F, Babron, MC. Manic depressive illness is linked to factor IX in a French pedigree. Ann Genet. 1992;35:93–95.Google Scholar
73.Pekkarinen, P, Terwilliger, J, Bredbacka, PE, Lonnqvist, J, Peltonen, L. Evidence of a predisposing locus to bipolar disorder on Xq24-q27.1 in an extended Finnish pedigree. Genome Res. 1995;5:105–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74.Gejman, PV, Detera-Wadleigh, S, Martinez, MM, et al.Manic depressive illness not linked to factor IX region in an independent series of pedigrees. Genomics. 1990;8:648–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Vallada, HP, Vasques, L, Curtis, Det al.Linkage analysis between bipolar affective disorder and markers on chromosome X. Psychiatr Genet. 1998;8:183–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76.Hebebrand, J. A critical appraisal of X-linked bipolar illness. Evidence for the assumed mode of inheritance is lacking [see comments]. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:7–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Schwab, SG, Eckstein, GN, Hallmayer, J, et al.Evidence suggestive of a locus on chromosome 5q31 contributing to susceptibility for schizophrenia in German and Israeli families by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 1997;2:156–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78.Gurling, HM, Kalsi, G, Brynjolfson, J, et al.Genomewide genetic linkage analysis confirms the presence of susceptibility loci for schizophrenia on chromosomes lq32.2,5q33.2, and 8p21-22 and provides support for linkage to schizophrenia on chromosomes 11q23.3-24 and 20q12.1-11.23. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68:661–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79.Paunio, T, Ekelund, J, Variol, T, et al.Genome-wide scan in a nationwide study sample for schizophrenia families in Finland reveals susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2q and 5q. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:3037–3048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80.Garner, C, McInnes, LA, Service, SK, et al.Linkage analysis of a complex pedigree with severe bipolar disorder, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68:1061–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81.Hong, KS, McInnes, LA, Service, SK, et al.Genetic mapping using haplotype and a model-free linkage analysis supports previous evidence for a locus predisposing to severe bipolar disorder at 5q31-33. Am J Med Genet. In press.Google Scholar
82.Shink, E, Morissette, J, Villeneuve, A, et al.Support for the presence of bipolar disorder susceptibility loci on chromosome 5: heterogeneity in a homogeneous population in Quebec. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;26:1273–1277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83.Ohtsuki, T, Ishiguro, H, Detera-Wadleigh, SD, et al.Association between serotonin 4 receptor gene polymorphisms and bipolar disorder in Japanese case-control samples and the NIMH Genetics Initiative Bipolar Pedigrees. Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7:954–961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84.Cichon, S, Schumacher, J, Muller, DJ, et al.A genome screen for genes predisposing to bipolar affective disorder detects a new susceptibility locus on 8q. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:2933–2944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85.Ophoff, RA, Escamilla, MA, Service, SK, et al.Genomewide linkage disequilibrium mapping of severe bipolar disorder in a population isolate. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71:565–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86.Blaveri, E, Kalsi, G, Lawrence, J, et al.Genetic association studies of schizophrenia using the 8p21-22 genes: prepronociceptin (PNOC), neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptor alpha polypeptide 2 (CHRNA2) and arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1). Eur J Hum Genet. 2001;9:469–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87.Blouin, JL, Dombroski, BA, Nath, SK, et al.Schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21. Nat Genet. 1998;20:70–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88.Stefansson, H, Sigurdsson, E, Steinthorsdottir, V, et al.Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71:877–892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89.DeLisi, LE, Mesen, A, Rodriguez, C, et al.Genome-wide scan for linkage to schizophrenia in a Spanish-origin cohort from Costa Rica. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:497–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90.Lachman, HM, Kelsoe, JR, Retnick, RA, et al.Linkage studies suggest a possible locus for bipolar disorder near the velo-cardio-facial syndrome region on chromosome 22. Am J Med Genet. 1997;74:121–128.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91.Kelsoe, JR, Spence, MA, Loetscher, E, et al.A genome survey indicates a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 22. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:585–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92.Ginns, EI, Ott, J, Egeland, JA, et al.A genome-wide search for chromosomal loci linked to bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Nat Genet. 1996;12:431–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93.Escamilla, MA. Population isolates: their special value for locating genes for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2001:3:299–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94.Morissette, J, Villeneuve, A, Bordeleau, L, et al.Genome-wide search for linkage of bipolar affective disorders in a very large pedigree derived from a homogeneous population in Quebec points to a locus of major effect on chromosome 12q23-q24. Am J Med Genet. 1999;88:567–587.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95.Ewald, H, Wang, AG, Vang, M, et al.A haplotype-based study of lithium responding patients with bipolar affective disorder on the Faroe Islands. Psychiatr Genet. 1999;9:23–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96.Degn, B, Lundorf, MD, Wang, A, et al.Further evidence for a bipolar risk gene on chromosome 12q24 suggested by investigation of hap-lotype sharing and allelic association in patients from the Faroe Islands. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:450–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97.Jorgensen, TH, Borglum, AD, et al.Search for common haplotypes on chromosome 22q in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from the Faroe Islands. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:245–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98.Ewald, H, Flint, TJ, Jorgensen, TH, et al.Search for a shared segment on chromosome 10q26 in patients with bipolar affective disorder or schizophrenia from the Faroe Islands. Am J Med Genet. 2002;114:196–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99.Pato, CN, Macedo, A, Ambrosio, A, et al.Detection of expansion regions in Portuguese bipolar families. Am J Med Genet. 2000;96:854–857.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100.Ospina-Duque, J, Duque, C, Carvajal-Carmona, L, et al.An association study of bipolar mood disorder (type I) with the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter polymorphism in a human population isolate from Colombia. Neurosci Lea. 2000;292:199–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101.Goodwin, FK, Jamison, KR. Manic Depressive Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1990:402–405.Google Scholar
102.Cardno, AG, Rijsdijk, FV, Sham, PC, Munay, RM, McGuffin, P. A twin study of genetic relationships between psychotic symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:539–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103.Lenox, RH, Gould, TG, Manji, HK. Endophenotypes in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet. 2002:114:391–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104.Schull, J, McEachron, DL, Adler, NT, et al.Effects of thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy and lithium on circadian wheelrunning in rats. Physiol Behav. 1988;42:33–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105.Bauer, MS, Whybrow, PC. The effect of changing thyroid function on cyclic affective illness in a human subject. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:633–636.Google Scholar
106.MacKinnon, DF, Zandi, PP, Cooper, J, et al.Comorbid bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families with a high prevalence of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:30–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107.Grof, P, Duffy, A, Cavazzoni, P, et al.Is response to prophylactic lithium a familial trait? J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:942–947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108.Turecki, G, Grof, P, Grof, E, et al.Mapping susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder: a pharmacogenetic approach based on excellent response to lithium. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:570–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed