Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T15:25:19.166Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pore-Scale Analysis of Bulk Volume Change from Crystalline Interlayer Swelling in Na+- and Ca2+-Smectite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

William J. Likos  and
Ning Lu
William J. Likos*
Affiliation:
University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
Ning Lu
Affiliation:
Colorado School of Mines, Engineering Division, Golden, CO 80401, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Water-vapor sorption experiments were conducted to quantify bulk volume change of compacted expansive clay specimens resulting from interlayer hydration and dehydration in the crystalline swelling regime. Effects of interlayer cation type and pore fabric are examined by comparing results for natural Na+-smectite and Ca2+-smectite specimens compacted over a range of initial bulk densities. Transitions in interlayer hydration states are reflected in the general shape of the sorption isotherms and corresponding relationships between humidity and volume change. Hysteresis is observed in both the sorption and volume-change response. Volume change for Ca2+-smectite specimens is significantly greater than for Na+-smectite over the entire range of packing densities considered. Loosely compacted specimens result in less volume change for both clays. Results are interpreted in light of a conceptual framework based on previous SEM and TEM observations of particle and pore fabric for Na+ and Ca2+ smectite at high suctions. A pore-scale microstructural model is developed to quantitatively assess changes in interlayer and interparticle void volume during hydration. Modeling suggests that the relatively small volume changes observed for Na+-smectite are attributable to a reduction of interparticle void volume as expanding quasicrystals encroach into surrounding larger-scale pores. Volume change hysteresis is attributed to unrecovered alterations in interparticle fabric required to accommodate the swelling process. The results provide new insight to address volume change upscaling, hysteresis, and the general evolution of bi-modal pore fabric during crystalline swelling.

Keywords

Crystalline SwellingDehydrationHydrationInterlayerSmectiteUpscaling
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 54 , Issue 4 , August 2006 , pp. 515 - 528
Copyright
Copyright © 2006, The Clay Minerals Society

References

ASTM, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vols 4.08 and 4.09, D-18 Committee on Soils and Rock (2000) West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania American Society for Testing and Materials.Google Scholar
Aylmore, L.A.G. and Quirk, J.P., (1971) Domains and quasicrystalline regions in clay systems Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 35 652–654 10.2136/sssaj1971.03615995003500040046x.Google Scholar
Barshad, I., (1949) The nature of lattice expansion and its relation to hydration in montmorillonite and vermiculite American Mineralogist 34 675–684.Google Scholar
Berend, I. Cases, J. Francois, M. Uriot, J. Michot, L. Maison, A. and Thomas, F., (1995) Mechanism of adsorption and desorption of water vapor by homoionic montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 43 324–336 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, J.L. Pieters, C.M. and Edwards, J.O., (1994) Infrared spectroscopic analyses on the nature of water in montmorillonite Clays and Clay Minerals 42 702–716 10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boek, E.S. Coveney, P.V. and Skipper, N.T., (1995) Molecular modeling of clay hydration. A study of hysteresis loops in the swelling curves of Na-montmorillonite Langmuir 11 4629–4631 10.1021/la00012a008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cases, J.M. Berend, I. Besson, G. Francois, M. Uriot, J.P. Thomas, F. and Poirier, J.E., (1992) Mechanism of adsorption and desorption of water vapor by homoionic montmorillonite. I. The sodium exchanged form Langmuir 8 2730–2739 10.1021/la00047a025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cebula, D.J. Thomas, R.K. Middleton, S. Ottewill, R.H. and White, J.W., (1979) Neutron diffraction from clay/water systems Clays and Clay Minerals 27 39–52 10.1346/CCMN.1979.0270105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, F.R.C. Skipper, N.T. and Sposito, G., (1995) Computer simulation of interlayer molecular structure in sodium montmorillonite hydrates Langmuir 11 2734–2741 10.1021/la00007a064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chipera, S.J. Carey, J.W. Bish, D.L. and Gilfrich, J.V., (1997) Controlled-humidity XRD analyses: Application to the study of smectite expansion/contraction Advances in X-ray Analysis 36 New York Plenum Press 713–721 10.1007/978-1-4615-5377-9_79.Google Scholar
COLLIS-GEORGE, N., (1955) THE HYDRATION AND DEHYDRATION OF NA-MONTMORILLONITE (BELLE FOURCHE) Journal of Soil Science 6 1 99–110 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1955.tb00834.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delage, P. Howat, M.D. and Cui, Y.J., (1998) The relationship between suction and swelling properties in a heavily compacted unsaturated clay Engineering Geology 50 31–48 10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00083-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delville, A. and Letellier, M., (1995) Structure and dynamics of simple liquids in heterogeneous conditions: an NMR study of the clay water interface Langmuir 11 1361–1367 10.1021/la00004a050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Pennino, U. Mazzega, E. and Valeri, S., (1981) Interlayer water and swelling properties of monoionic montmorillonites Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 84 301–309 10.1016/0021-9797(81)90222-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D.D., Drits, V.A. and Rodoñ, J. (1996) MUDMASTER; a program for calculating crystallite size distributions and strain from the shapes of X-ray diffraction peaks. US Geological Survey Open File Report 96-0171.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C. and Russell, J.D., (1971) Interlayer complexes in layer silicates. The structure of water in lamellar ionic solutions Transactions of the Faraday Society 67 2737–2749 10.1039/tf9716702737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gens, A. and Alonso, E.E., (1992) A framework for the behavior of unsaturated expansive clays Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29 1013–1032 10.1139/t92-120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillery, F.H., (1959) Adsorption-desorption characteristics of synthetic montmorillonoids in humid atmospheres American Mineralogist 44 806–818.Google Scholar
Grandjean, J. and Laszlo, P., (1989) Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance studies of water molecules restrained by their proximity to a clay surface Clays and Clay Minerals 37 403–408 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W. Bassett, W.A. and Wu, T., (1994) Dehydration and hydration of montmorillonite at elevated temperatures and pressures monitored using synchrotron radiation American Mineralogist 79 683–691.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R.K. and Egelstaff, P.A., (1980) Interfacial water structure in montmorillonite from neutron diffraction experiments Clays and Clay Minerals 28 19–28 10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaborni, S. Smit, B. Heidug, W. and van Oort, E., (1996) The swelling of clays: molecular simulations of the hydration of montmorillonite Science 271 1102–1104 10.1126/science.271.5252.1102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keren, R. and Shainberg, I., (1975) Water vapor isotherms and heat of immersion of Na/Ca-montmorillonite systems — I: Homoionic clay Clays and Clay Minerals 23 193–200 10.1346/CCMN.1975.0230305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittrick, J.A., (1969) Interlayer forces in montmorillonite and vermiculite Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33 217–222 10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300020017x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A., (1996) Model for crystalline swelling of 2:1 phyllosilicates Clays and Clay Minerals 44 553–559 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A. Shang, C. and Thompson, M.L., (1995) Hysteresis in crystalline swelling of smectites Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 171 240–245 10.1006/jcis.1995.1173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likos, W.J., (2004) Measurement of crystalline swelling in expansive clay Geotechnical Testing Journal 27 540–546.Google Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C. Wilson, M.J., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., (1980) Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 197–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, R.W. Keenan, A.G. and Wood, L.A., (1952) Adsorption of water vapor by montmorillonite. II. Effect of exchangeable ions and lattice swelling as measured by X-ray diffraction Journal of American Chemical Society 74 1371–1374 10.1021/ja01126a002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., (1997) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals New York Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mystkowski, K. Środoń, J. and Elsass, F., (2000) Mean thickness and thickness distribution of smectite crystallites Clay Minerals 35 545–557 10.1180/000985500547016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K., (1954) The swelling of montmorillonite Transactions of the Faraday Society 18 120–134 10.1039/df9541800120.Google Scholar
Poinsignon, C. Estrade-Schwarzckopf, J. Conard, J. Dianoux, A.J., Schultz, L.G. Van Olphen, H. and Mumpton, F.A., (1987) Water dynamics in the clay water system: A quasi-elastic neutron scattering study Proceedings of the International Clay Conference Denver, Colorado The Clay Minerals Society 284–291.Google Scholar
Posner, A.M. and Quirk, J.P., (1964) Changes in basal spacing of montmorillonite in electrolyte solutions Journal of Colloid Science 19 798–812 10.1016/0095-8522(64)90056-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, D.H. Tongkhao, K. Kennedy, S.J. and Slade, P.G., (1997) A neutron diffraction study of interlayer water in sodium Wyoming montmorillonite using a novel difference method Clays and Clay Minerals 45 290–294 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouquerol, F., (1999) Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids: Principles, Methodology, and Applications San Diego, California Academic Press.Google Scholar
Slade, P.G. and Quirk, J.P., (1991) The limited crystalline swelling of smectites in CaCl2, MgCl2, and LaCl3 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 144 18–26 10.1016/0021-9797(91)90233-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, P.G. Quirk, J.P. and Norrish, K., (1991) Crystalline swelling of smectite samples in concentrated NaCl solutions in relation to layer charge Clays and Clay Minerals 39 234–238 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sposito, G. and Prost, R., (1982) Structure of water adsorbed on smectites Chemical Reviews 82 553–573 10.1021/cr00052a001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sposito, G. Park, S.-H. and Sutton, R., (1999) Monte Carlo simulation of the total radial distribution function for interlayer water in sodium and potassium montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 47 192–200 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tessier, D., DeBoodt, M.F. Hayes, M.H.B. and Herbillon, A., (1990) Behavior and microstructure of clay minerals Soil Colloids and their Associations in Aggregates New York Plenum Press 387–415 10.1007/978-1-4899-2611-1_14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tripathy, S. Subba Rao, K.S. and Fredlund, D.G., (2002) Water content — void ratio swell-shrink paths of compacted expansive soils Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39 938–959 10.1139/t02-022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, C.A. Jr. and Gerasimowicz, W.V., (1996) Interaction of water with clay minerals as studied by 2H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 265–271 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00396-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar