Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T22:20:16.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mixed-valent Fe films (‘schwimmeisen’) on the surface of reduced ephemeral pools

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Georg H. Grathoff*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
John E. Baham
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7306, USA
Heather R. Easterly
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
Paul Gassman
Affiliation:
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
Richard C. Hugo
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Floating, mixed-valent Fe films have been observed worldwide in wetlands, ferrous iron-rich seeps, and in seasonally reduced soils, but are usually misidentified as oil or biofilms. There has been little characterization or explanation of their formation. Along the Oregon coast such films were found on ephemeral pools where Fe(II)-rich groundwater (∼100 µM Fe) has been discharged at the base of Pleistocene sand dunes. Fe(II) oxidized to Fe(III) at the air-water interface to form ∼100–300 nm thick films. Analyses indicated that the films contained both Fe(III) and Fe(II) in a ratio of 3:1; Si was the other main cation; OH was the main anion and some C was also identified. The film morphology was flat under optical and electron microscopy with some attached floccules having a string-like morphology. Energy-filtered electron diffraction patterns showed three diffraction rings at 4.5, 2.6 and 1.4 Å in some places and two rings (2.6 and 1.4 Å) in others. Upon further oxidation the films became 2-line ferrihydrite. We are proposing the name ‘schwimmeisen’ for the floating, mixed-valent Fe film.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 2007, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Banfield, J.F. Zhang, H., Banfield, J.F. and Navrotsky, A., (2001) Nanoparticles in the environment Nanoparticles and the Environment Chantilly, Virginia Mineralogical Society of America 158 10.1515/9781501508783 The Geochemical Society, Washington, D.C..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banfield, J.F. Welch, S.A. Zhang, H. Ebert, T.T. and Penn, R.L., (2000) Aggregation-based crystal growth and micro-structure development in natural iron oxihydroxide biomineralization products Science 289 751754 10.1126/science.289.5480.751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigham, J.M., Schwertmann, U. and Carlson, L. (1992) Mineralogy of precipitates formed by the biogeochemical oxidation of Fe(II) in mine drainage. Pp. 219232 in: Biomineralization: Processes of Iron and Manganese Modern and Ancient Environments (Skinner, H.C.W. and Fitzpatrick, R.W., editors). Catena Supplement, 21.Google Scholar
Campbell, A.S. Schwertmann, U. Stanjek, H. Friedl, J. Kyek, A. and Campbell, P.A., (2002) Si incorporation into hematite by heating Si-ferrihydrite Langmuir 18 78047809 10.1021/la011741w.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockayne, D. McKenzie, D. and Muller, D., (1991) Electron diffraction of amorphous thin films using PEELS Microscopy Microanalysis Microstructures 2 359366 10.1051/mmm:0199100202-3035900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockayne, D.J.H. and McKenzie, D.R., (1988) Electron diffraction analysis of polycrystalline and amorphous thin films Acta Crystalographica A44 870878 10.1107/S0108767388004957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, H.H. Jr., (1959) A hypothesis concerning the dynamic balance of fresh water and salt water in a coastal aquifer Journal of Geophysical Research 64 461467 10.1029/JZ064i004p00461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, R.M. and Schwertmann, U., (2003) The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses Weinheim, Germany Wiley-VCH 10.1002/3527602097 664 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterly, H.R., (2005) Characterization of Iron-bearing Films Found on Ephemeral Pools, Central Coast, Oregon Portland, Oregon, USA MS thesis Portland State University 94 pp.Google Scholar
Emerson, D. and Revsbach, N.P., (1994) Investigation of an iron-oxidizing microbial mat community located near Aarhus, Denmark: field studies Applied Environmental Microbiology 60 40224031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emerson, D. and Weiss, J.V., (2004) Bacterial iron oxidation in circumneutral freshwater habitats: findings from the field and the laboratory Geomicrobiology Journal 21 405414 10.1080/01490450490485881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erlandsen, S.L. Kristich, C.J. Dunny, G.M. and Wells, C.L., (2004) High-resolution visualization of the microbial glycocalyx with low-voltage scanning electron microscopy: dependence on cationic dyes Journal of Histochemsitry and Cytochemistry 52 14271435 10.1369/jhc.4A6428.2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghiorse, W.C. and Ehrlich, H.L., (1992) Microbial biomineralization of iron and manganese Catena Supplement 21 7599.Google Scholar
Grathoff, G.H., Peterson, CD. and Beckstrand, D.L. (2003) Coastal dune soils in Oregon, USA, forming allophane, imogolite and gibbsite. 2001. A Clay Odyssey, Proceedings of the 12thInternational Clay Conference, Bahia Bianca, 2001, 197204.Google Scholar
Kawano, M. and Tomita, K., (2001) Geochemical modeling of bacterially induced mineralization of schwertmannite and jarosite in sulfuric acid spring water American Mineralogist 86 11561165 10.2138/am-2001-1005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konhauser, K.O. and Ferris, G., (1997) Bacterial Formation of Clay Phases in Freshwater Biofilms: The Dynamic Geosphere New Delhi Allied Publishers 200215.Google Scholar
Loeppert, R.L. Inskeep, W.P. and Sparks, D.L., (1996) Iron Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Madison, Wisconsin American Society of Agronomy 639664.Google Scholar
Neubauer, S.C. Emerson, D. and Megonigal, J.P., (2002) Life at the energetic edge: kinetics of circumneutral iron oxidation by lithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria isolated from the wetland-plant rhizosphere Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 39883995 10.1128/AEM.68.8.3988-3995.2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pernet, M.J. Chenavas, J. and Jouber, J.C., (1973) Caracteraisation et ëtude pareffet Mössbauer d’une nouvelle variete hautepression de FeOOH Solid State Communications 13 11471154 10.1016/0038-1098(73)90552-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, C., Baham, J., Beckstrand, D., Clough, C., Cloyd, C., Erlandson, J., Grathoff, G., Hart, R., Jol, H., Percy, D., Reckendorf, F., Rosenfeld, C., Smith, T., Phyllis Steeves, P. and Stock, E. (2002) Field guide to the Pleistocene and Holocene dunal landscapes of the Central Oregon Coast: Newport to Florence, Oregon. (Moore, George W., editor). Oregon Department of Geology and Minerals Special Paper 36, Geological Society of America, Field Trips Guide, Cordillera Meeting, Corvallis, Oregon, May 13–15, 2002, Chapter 10, pp. 201223.Google Scholar
Peterson, C.D. Stock, E. Cloyd, C. Beckstrand, D. Clough, C. Erlandson, J.M. Hart, R. Murillo, J. Percy, D. Price, D. Reckendorf, F. and Vanderburgh, S., (2005) Dating and morphostratigraphy of coastal dune sheets from the central West Coast of North America Corvallis, Oregon, USA Oregon Sea Grant Publications.Google Scholar
Rancourt, D.G. Thibault, P.J. Mavrocordatos, D. and Lamarche, G., (2005) Hydrous ferric oxide precipitation in the presence of nonmetabolizing bacteria: Constraints on the mechanism of a biotic effect Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69 553557 10.1016/j.gca.2004.07.018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwertmann, U. and Friedl, J., (1998) Thin iron oxide films on pebbles in ferriferous streams Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie 2 6367.Google Scholar
Seehra, M.S. Raman, R.A. and Manivannan, A., (2004) Structural investigations of synthetic ferrihydrite nanoparticles doped with Si Solid State Communications 130 597601 10.1016/j.ssc.2004.03.022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheehan, K.B. Patterson, D.J. Dicks, B.L. and Henson, J.M., (2005) Seen and unseen: discovering the microbes of Yellowstone Helena, Montana A Falcon Guide, Montana State University 128 pp.Google Scholar
Sung, W. and Morgan, J.J., (1980) Kinetics and product of ferrous iron oxygenation in aqueous systems Environmental Science and Technology 14 561568 10.1021/es60165a006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tazaki, K. Asada, R. and Ikeda, Y., (2002) Quick occurrence of Fe-rich biofilms on the water surface Journal of the Clay Science Society of Japan 42 2136.Google Scholar
Tuhela, L. Carlson, L. and Tuovinen, O.H., (1997) Biogeochemical transformations of Fe and Mn in oxic groundwater and well water environments Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substances Control A32 407426.Google Scholar
Vempati, R.K. and Loeppert, R.H., (1989) Influence of structural and adsorbed Si on the transformation of synthetic ferrihydrite Clays and Clay Minerals 37 273279 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar