Hostname: page-component-66644f4456-2xp4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-12T11:17:43.907Z Has data issue: true hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Microwave Exfoliation of Vermiculite and Phlogopite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Abdullah Obut ,
İsmail Girgin  and
Abdülkerim Yörükoǵlu
Abdullah Obut
Affiliation:
Hacettepe University, Mining Engineering Department, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
İsmail Girgin*
Affiliation:
Hacettepe University, Mining Engineering Department, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
Abdülkerim Yörükoǵlu
Affiliation:
Mineral Research and Exploration General Directorate, 06520 Ankara, Turkey
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Vermiculites and phlogopites can be exfoliated by chemical and thermal treatment methods to obtain chemically inert, adsorbent, fire-resistant, low-density materials with excellent thermal and acoustic insulation properties. The water content of the clay generally determines the extent of exfoliation and the presence of interstratification is claimed to increase the rate of exfoliation. Considering the strong interaction between water and microwaves, the effect of microwave power on exfoliation characteristics of vermiculites and phlogopites after treatment with water and hydrogen peroxide solution were studied at 600, 950 and 1300 W for microwave exposure times of 10, 20, 30, 60, 120 and 300 s. It was observed that the water molecules in the interlayers of the individual flakes were driven off quickly by microwave treatment causing layer separation in the samples. The vermiculite sample showed 2.8 and 5.6 times, respectively, the exfoliation ratio of the phlogopite samples, in accord with their water contents.

Keywords

ExfoliationMicrowave EnergyPhlogopiteVermiculite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 51 , Issue 4 , August 2003 , pp. 452 - 456
Copyright
Copyright © 2003, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Abdelghani-Idrissi, M.A., (2001) Experimental investigations of occupied volume effect on the microwave heating and drying kinetics of cement powder in a mono-mode cavity Applied Thermal Engineering 21 955–965 10.1016/S1359-4311(00)00099-5.Google Scholar
Ayappa, K.G. Davis, H.T. Davis, E.A. and Gordon, J., (1991) Analysis of microwave heating of materials with temperature-dependent properties AIChE Journal 37 313–322 10.1002/aic.690370302.Google Scholar
Bishop, J.L. Pieters, C.M. and Edwards, J.O., (1994) Infrared spectroscopic analyses on the nature of water in montmor-illonite Clays and Clay Minerals 42 702–716 10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluhm, D.D. Fanslow, G.E. and Nelson, S.O., (1986) Enhanced magnetic separation of pyrite from coal after microwave heating IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 22 1887–1890 10.1109/TMAG.1986.1064686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, W.L. and Hendrix, W.A., (1986) Microwave heating and drying in textile processing — present and future IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 22 115–120 10.1109/TIA.1986.4504691.Google Scholar
Haque, K.E., (1999) Microwave energy for mineral treatment processes. A brief review International Journal of Mineral Processing 57 1–24 10.1016/S0301-7516(99)00009-5.Google Scholar
Hindman, J.R. (1994) Vermiculite. Pp. 1103–1111 in: Industrial Minerals and Rocks (Carr, D.D., editor). Society of Mineral Engineering.Google Scholar
Huang, J.H. and Rowson, N.A., (2001) Heating characteristics and decomposition of pyrite and marcasite in a microwave field Minerals Engineering 14 9 1113–1117 10.1016/S0892-6875(01)00117-0.Google Scholar
Justo, A. Perez-Rodriquez, J.L. and Sanchez-Soto, P.S., (1993) Thermal study of vermiculites and mica-vermiculite inter-stratifications Journal of Thermal Analysis 40 59–65 10.1007/BF02546555.Google Scholar
Kelly, R.M. and Rowson, N.A., (1995) Microwave reduction of oxidised ilmenite concentrates Minerals Engineering 8 11 1427–1438 10.1016/0892-6875(95)00106-Z.Google Scholar
Kingman, S.W. and Rowson, N.A., (1998) Microwave treatment of minerals — a review Minerals Engineering 11 11 1081–1087 10.1016/S0892-6875(98)00094-6.Google Scholar
Kingman, S.W. and Rowson, N.A., (2000) The effect of microwave radiation on the magnetic properties of minerals Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 35 144–150 10.1080/08327823.2000.11688431.Google Scholar
Komarneni, S. and Roy, R., (1986) Anomalous microwave melting of zeolites Materials Letters 4 107–110 10.1016/0167-577X(86)90060-1.Google Scholar
Krause, T.R. Helt, J.E., Clark, D.E. Tinga, W.R. and Laia, J.R. Jr., (1993) Applications of microwave radiation in environmental remediation technologies Microwaves: Theory and Practical Application in Materials Processing II Ohio, USA American Chemical Society 53 59.Google Scholar
Kudra, T. Raghavan, G.S.V. and van de Voort, F.R., (1993) Microwave heating characteristics of rutile Journal of Applied Physiscs 73 4534–4540 10.1063/1.352797.Google Scholar
Long, S. Yan, C. and Dong, J., (2002) Microwave-promoted burning of portland cement clinker Cement and Concrete R esearch 32 17–21 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00622-6.Google Scholar
Low, P.F. and Margheim, J.F., (1979) The swelling of clay: I. Basic concepts and empirical equations Soil Science Society of America Journal 43 473–481 10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300030010x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamina, A.K.h. Kotel’nikova, E.N. and Muromtsev, V.A., (1990) Influence of the structural perfection of phlogopite crystals on their cleavability by hydrogen peroxide Inorganic Materials 26 2104 2107.Google Scholar
McCarl, H.N. (1983) Construction materials. Pp. 81–91 in: Industrial Minerals and Rocks (Lefond, S.J., editor). American Institute of Mechanical Engineers.Google Scholar
Meisinger, A.C. (1985) Vermiculite. Pp. 917–922 in: Mineral Facts and Problems. US Bureau of Mines.Google Scholar
Muromtsev, V.A. Zolotukhina, N.M. and Mamina, A.K., (1990) X-ray, IR spectroscopic, and chemical analysis of products of reaction between vermiculite and hydrogen peroxide solution Inorganic Materials 26 868 871.Google Scholar
Myers, J.B. (1963) Vermiculite. Pp. 889–895 in: Industrial Minerals and Rocks. American Institute of Mechanical Engineers.Google Scholar
Neas, E.D. Collins, J., Kingston, H.M. and Jassie, L.B., (1988) Microwave heating Introduction to Microwave Sample Preparation Washington, D.C American Chemical Society 7 32.Google Scholar
Obut, A. and Girgin, , (2002) Hydrogen peroxide exfoliation of vermiculite and phlogopite Minerals Engineering 15 683–687 10.1016/S0892-6875(02)00161-9.Google Scholar
Osepchuk, J.M., (1984) A history of microwave heating applications IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 32 1200–1224 10.1109/TMTT.1984.1132831.Google Scholar
Rao, K.J. Vaidhyanathan, B. Ganguli, M. and Ramakrishnan, , (1999) Synthesis of inorganic solids using microwaves Chemistry of Materials 11 882–895 10.1021/cm9803859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, F.E. and Arsenault, E.A., (1996) Microwave-assisted sample preparation in analytical chemistry Talanta 43 8 1207–1268 10.1016/0039-9140(96)01882-6.Google Scholar
Standish, N. Worner, H.K. and Obuchowski, D.Y., (1991) Particle size effect in microwave heating of granular materials Powder Technology 66 225–230 10.1016/0032-5910(91)80034-G.Google Scholar
Stout, S. and Komarneni, S., (2002) A microwave-assisted method for the rapid removal of potassium from phlogopite Clays and Clay Minerals 50 248–253 10.1346/000986002760832847.Google Scholar
Stucki, J.W. Low, P.F. Roth, C.B. and Golden, D.C., (1984) Effects of oxidation state of octahedral iron on clay swelling Clays and Clay Minerals 32 357–362 10.1346/CCMN.1984.0320503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suquet, H. Chevalier, S. Marcilly, C. and Barthomeuf, D., (1991) Preparation of porous materials by chemical activation of the Llano vermiculite Clay Minerals 26 49–60 10.1180/claymin.1991.026.1.06.Google Scholar
Thuery, J., (1992) Microwaves Norwood Artech House Inc. 670 pp.Google Scholar
Üçgül, E., (1997) Thermal and chemical exfoliation characteristics of Sivas-Yldzeli-Karakoç phlogopite. MSc thesis Ankara, Turkey Hacettepe University 70 pp.Google Scholar
Üçgül, E. and Girgin, , (2002) Chemical exfoliation characteristics of Karakoç phlogopite in hydrogen peroxide solution Turkish Journal of Chemistry 26 431 439.Google Scholar
Vorster, W. Rowson, N.A. and Kingman, S.W., (2001) The effect of microwave radiation upon the processing of Neves Corvo copper ore International Journal of Mineral Processing 63 29–44 10.1016/S0301-7516(00)00069-7.Google Scholar
Wang, Y. Forssberg, E. Svensson, M., Özbayoglu, G. Hosten, Atalay, M. Hiçyilmaz, C. and Arol, A.I., (2000) Microwave assisted comminution and liberation of minerals Mineral Processing in the Verge of the 21st Century Rotterdam Balkema 3 9.Google Scholar
Whittington, B.I. and Milestone, N.B., (1992) The microwave heating of zeolites Zeolites 12 815–818 10.1016/0144-2449(92)90055-T.Google Scholar