Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T22:50:59.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Metamorphic-hosted pyrophyllite and dickite occurrences from the hydrous Al-silicate deposits of the malatya-Pütürge region, central eastern Anatolia, Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Ömer Bozkaya ,
Hüseyin Yalçin ,
Zeynel Başibüyük  and
Gülcan Bozkaya
Ömer Bozkaya*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140, Sivas, Turkey
Hüseyin Yalçin
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140, Sivas, Turkey
Zeynel Başibüyük
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140, Sivas, Turkey
Gülcan Bozkaya
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140, Sivas, Turkey
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Hydrous Al-silicate deposits are found to the south of Pütürge in Malatya city, Turkey. The surrounding rocks consist of mylonitic granitic gneiss overlain by muscovite gneiss with kyanite-bearing metabasic schist lenses on top which are cut by silica veins containing prismatic tourmaline and speculante. Pyrophyllite is found within kyanite gneisses overlying the granitic gneisses. Fibrous, platy pyrophyllite is developed along the edges and cleavage planes of kyanite, whereas platy bunches of dickite occur as replacements of the relict kyanites as well as crack- and pore-fillings. Rocks forming the hydrous Al-silicate deposit contain 2M1 pyrophyllite, alunite, topaz, paragonite, dravite, dumortierite, chlorite and epidote as early hypogene minerals, and 2M1 dickite, diaspore, gibbsite, speculante, goethite and crandallite/goyazite as late hypogene minerals. On the basis of fluid inclusion and stable isotope data, it is estimated alterations to pyrophyllite and kaolinite occurred at temperatures are of 150 and 100°C, respectively, the minerals being formed by meteoric waters interacting with metamorphic rocks. Trace and REE variations are highly distinctive in terms of enrichment of most trace elements in pyrophyllite, whereas REEs are clearly abundant in dickite, indicating different conditions during formation such as early and late hypogene processes. The pyrophyllitic alteration took place in the late Cretaceous (69–71 Ma), whereas kaolinization occurred later.

Keywords

DickiteGeochemistryHydrothermal AlterationMineralogyPyrophyllite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 55 , Issue 4 , August 2007 , pp. 423 - 442
Copyright
Copyright © 2007, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Aras, A. and Açıkgöz, F. (1992) Mining geology of pyrophyllite field AR-43321 in the Malatya-Pütürge-Taşmış district and a report of pyrophyllite prospecting around Pütürge-Doğanyol. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Directorate of Malatya Region, Project no. 413, 20 pp. (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W., (1988) X-ray diffraction identification of the polytypes of mica, serpentine, and chlorite Clays and Clay Minerals 36 193–213 10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechtel, A. Savin, S.M. and Hoernes, S., (1999) Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic of clay minerals of the Bahloul Formation in the region of the Bou Grine zinc-lead ore deposit (Tunisia): evidence for fluid-rock interaction in the vicinity of salt dome cap rock Chemical Geology 156 191–207 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00185-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, R.G., (1988) Internally-consistent thermodynamic data for minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2 Journal of Petrology 29 445–522 10.1093/petrology/29.2.445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyarslan, M. and Bingöl, F., (2000) Petrology of a suprasubduction zone ophiolite (Elazığ, Turkey) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37 1411–1424 10.1139/e00-041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkaya, , (1995) Mineralogy and geochemistry of sedimentary and very low grade metasedimentary rocks from Sarız-Tufanbeyli-Saimbeyli district, Eastern Taurus Sivas, Turkey Cumhuriyet University 334 pp.Google Scholar
Bozkaya, and Yalçın, H., (2004) New mineralogic data and implications for the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Alanya Nappes, Central Tauride Belt, Turkey International Geology Review 46 347–365 10.2747/0020-6814.46.4.347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkaya, and Yalçın, H., (2004) Diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic evolution of clay mineral assemblages in Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic rocks of the Eastern Taurides, Turkey Clay Minerals 39 481–500 10.1180/0009855043940149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkaya, Yalçın, H. and Başıbüyük, Z., (2001) Mineralogic-petrographic investigation of Malatya-Keban ve Pütürge metamorphites Sivas Research Fund of Cumhuriyet University Project No: M-163, 92 pp.Google Scholar
Bozkaya, Ö., Yalçın, H. and Dündar, M.K. (2006) Clay mineral evolution in the rocks of Maden Group from Malatya-Pütürge area, Eastern Anatolia. 4th Mediterranean Clay Meeting (MCM06), 5–10 September 2006, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, Abstracts, pp. 22–23.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., (1980) Quantitative X-ray mineral analysis of clays Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 411–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, N.D. and Flux, S., (1986) Thermodynamic mixing properties of muscovite-paragonite crystalline solutions at high temperatures and pressures, and their geological applications Journal of Petrology 27 677–693 10.1093/petrology/27.3.677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, R.N. and Mayeda, T.K., (1963) The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 27 43–52 10.1016/0016-7037(63)90071-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, H., (1961) Isotopic variations in meteoric waters Science 133 1702–1703 10.1126/science.133.3465.1702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danış, M. (1978) Pyrophyllite occurrences around Malatya city-Pütürge town-Babik village. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Directorate of Malatya Region, Project no. 18, 25 pp. (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Eberl, D., (1979) Synthesis of pyrophyllite polytypes and mixed layers American Mineralogist 64 1091–1096.Google Scholar
Erdem, E. and Bingöl, A.F., (1997) Petrographical and petrological features of gneisses in the Pütürge (Malatya) massive Konya Selçuk University Faculty of Engineering-Architecture 217–227 (in Turkish, with English abstract).Google Scholar
Espenshade, G.H. and Potter, D.B. (1960) Kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite deposits of southeastern States. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 336 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, B.W. Guggenheim, S. and Bailey, S.W., (1988) Talc, pyrophyllite, and related minerals Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) Washington, D.C Mineralogical Society of America 225–294 10.1515/9781501508998-013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, M. and Frey, M., (1987) Very low-grade metamorphism of clastic sedimentary rocks Low Temperature Metamorphism Glasgow, UK Blackie and Son 9–58.Google Scholar
Gençoğlu, H. Bayhan, H. Yalçın, H., Boztuğ, D. and Yalçın, H., (1989) Mineralogy and genesis of the kaolinite deposits around the Bilecik-Söğüt area Proceedings of IVth Turkish National Clay Symposium Sivas, Turkey Cumhuriyet University 97–112 20–23 September.Google Scholar
Gilg, H.A. and Sheppard, S.M.F., (1996) Hydrogen isotope fractionation between kaolinite and water revisited Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 529–533 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00417-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Göncüoğlu, M.C. (1997) Distribution of Lower Paleozoic rocks in the Alpine terranes of Turkey: Paleogeographic constraints. Pp. 13–23 in: Early Paleozoic Evolution in NW Gondwana. Turkish Associations of Petroleum Geologists, Special Publications 3. Ankara, Turkey.Google Scholar
Gromet, L.P. Dymek, R.F. Haskin, L.A. and Korotev, R.L., (1984) The North American shale composite: Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 2469–2482 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90298-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haskin, L.A. Haskin, M.A. Frey, F.A. Wideman, T.R. and Ahrens, L.H., (1968) Relative and absolute terrestrial abundances of the rare earths Origin and Distribution of the Elements Oxford, UK Pergamon Press 880–912.Google Scholar
Hemley, J.J. Montoya, J.W. Marinenko, J.W. and Luce, R.W., (1980) Equilibria in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and some general implications for alteration/mineralization processes Economic Geology 75 210–228 10.2113/gsecongeo.75.2.210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoefs, J., (1984) Stable Isotope Geochemistry 3 Berlin Springer Verlag 241 pp.Google Scholar
J.C.P.D.S. (1990) Powder Diffraction File: Alphabetical Indexes Inorganic Phases. Swarthmore, USA, 871 pp.Google Scholar
Kawakami, T. and Ikeda, T., (2003) Boron in metapelites controlled by the breakdown of tourmaline and retrograde formation of borosilicates in the Yanai area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 145 131–150 10.1007/s00410-002-0437-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, W.D., (1976) Scan electron micrographs of kaolins collected from diverse environments of origin-I Clays and Clay Minerals 24 107–113 10.1346/CCMN.1976.0240301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, W.D., (1978) Classification of kaolins exemplified by their textures in scan electron micrographs Clays and Clay Minerals 26 1–20 10.1346/CCMN.1978.0260101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kontak, D.J., Finck, P.W. and De Wolfe, J. (2004) Pyrophyllite occurrences in the Coxheath area, Cape Breton Island. Natural Resources Branch, Nova Scotia, Report ME-2004-1, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Kutbay, C. (1998) Pyrophyllite, the rare jewel of tile manufacturing. Ceramic Industry, October, pp. 43–45.Google Scholar
Marumo, K., (1989) Genesis of kaolin minerals and pyrophyllite in Kuroko deposits of Japan. Implications for the origins of the hydrothermal fluids from mineralogical and stable isotope data Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53 2915–2924 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90168-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merriman, R.J. Peacor, D.R., Frey, M. and Robinson, D., (1999) Very low-grade metapelites: mineralogy, microfabrics and measuring reaction progress Low-Grade Metamorphism Oxford, UK Blackwell 10–60.Google Scholar
Murray, H.H. and Bailey, S.W., (1988) Kaolin minerals: Their genesis and occurrences Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America 67–89 10.1515/9781501508998-009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nabetani, A. and Shikazono, N., (2002) Chemical process and environment of hydrothermal alteration of acidic volcanic rocks in the Mitsuishi district, southwest Japan Geochemical Journal 36 255–269 10.2343/geochemj.36.255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Önal, A. and Bingöl, A.F., (1997) Geology of western part of Doğanşehir (Malatya, Turkey) Selçuk University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering-Architecture 12 63–75.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Cruz, M.D. and Reyes, E., (1998) Kaolinite and dickite formation during shale diagenesis. Isotopic data Applied Geochemistry 13 95–104 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00056-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach Tectonophysics 75 181–241 10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, S.M.F., Valley, J.W. Jr. Taylor, H.P. and O’Neil, J., (1986) Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters Stable Isotopes in High-temperature Geological Processes Washington D.C Mineralogical Society of America 165–184 10.1515/9781501508936-011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, S.M.F. and Gilg, H.A., (1996) Stable isotope geochemistry of clay minerals Clay Minerals 31 1–24 10.1180/claymin.1996.031.1.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, S.M.F. Nielsen, R.L. Taylor, H.P. Jr., (1969) Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of clay minerals from porphyry copper deposits Economic Geology 64 755–777 10.2113/gsecongeo.64.7.755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, T.J. Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M., (1985) A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies Glasgow, UK Blackie 235 pp.Google Scholar
Sudo, T. Shimoda, S. Yotsumoto, H. and Aita, S., (1981) Electron Micrographs of Clay Minerals Tokyo Elsevier 10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70385-6 203 pp.Google Scholar
Sun, S.S. McDonough, W.F., Saunders, A.F. and Norry, M.J., (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of ocean basalts. Implications for mantle composition and processes Magmatism in Ocean Basins London Geological Society 313–345.Google Scholar
Sykes, M.L. and Moody, J.B., (1978) Pyrophyllite and metamorphism in the Carolina slate belt American Mineralogist 63 96–108.Google Scholar
Telek, E. (1979) Study report of MTA-licensed pyrophyllite fields in Malatya-Pütürge. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Directorate of Malatya Region, Project No. 263, 15 pp.Google Scholar
Terakado, Y. and Fujitani, T., (1998) Behavior of the rare earth elements and other trace elements during interactions between acidic hydrothermal solutions and silicic volcanic rocks, southwestern Japan Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62 1903–1917 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00109-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turan, M. Aksoy, E. and Bingöl, A.F., (1995) Characteristics of the geodynamic evolution of eastern Taurus in Elazığ region (E. Turkey) Fırat University Bulletin of the Science and Engineering 7 177–199 (in Turkish, with English abstract).Google Scholar
Urabe, T., (1987) Kuroko deposits modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory Mining Geology 37 159–176.Google Scholar
Uygun, A. and Solakoğlu, E., (2002) Geology and origin of pyrophyllite deposits in the Pütürge (Malatya) massive Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 123/124 13–19 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Veniale, F. Delgado, A. Marinoni, L. and Setti, M., (2002) Dickite genesis in the ‘varicoloured’ clay-shale formation of the Italian Apennines: an isotopic approach Clay Minerals 37 255–266 10.1180/0009855023720032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yalçın, H. and Zor, M., (1991) Morphology and chemistry of hydrothermal kaolinites: Examples from Eskişehir and Malatya province Proceedings of Vth Turkish National Clay Symposium Eskişehir, Turkey Anadolu University 74–86 16–20 September.Google Scholar
Yalçın, H. and Bozkaya, , (2003) Mineralogy and geochemistry of hydrothermal kaolinite and I-S occurrences, (Yıldızeli-Akdağmadeni) W-Sivas Geological Bulletin of Turkey 46 1–23 (in Turkish, with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yazgan, E., (1981) A study of active continental paleomargin in the eastern Taurides (Upper Cretaceous-Middle Eocene), Malatya-Elazığ (Eastern Turkey) Bulletin of the Institute of Earth Sciences of Hacettepe University 7 83–104 (in Turkish, with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yazgan, E. and Chessex, R., (1991) Geology and tectonic evolution of the southeastern Taurides in the region of Malatya Bulletin of the Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists 3 1–42.Google Scholar
Yazgan, E. Michard, A. Whitechurch, H. and Montigny, R., (1983) Le Taurus de Malatya (Turquie orientale) élément de la suture sud-téthysienne Bulletin de la Sociéte Geologique de France 25 59–69 10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XXV.1.59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yılmaz, Y., (1993) New evidence and model on the evolution of the southeast Anatolian orogen Geological Society of America Bulletin 105 251–271 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0251:NEAMOT>2.3.CO;2.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yılmaz, H., Aras, A. and Ağrılı, H. (1993) The mining geology of Taşmış-Pütürge (Malatya) pyrophyllite deposits. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Project No. 9598, 22 p (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Yiğitbaş, E. and Yılmaz, Y., (1996) New evidence and solution to the Maden complex controversy of the southeast Anatolian orogenic belt (Turkey) Geologische Rundschau 85 250–263 10.1007/BF02422232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zen, E.A.N. and Albee, A.L., (1964) Coexistent muscovite and paragonite in pelitic schists American Mineralogist 49 904–925.Google Scholar
Zheng, Y.-F., (1993) Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in anhydrous silicate minerals Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 1079–1091 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90306-H.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, Y.-F., (1993) Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in hydroxyl-bearing silicates Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120 247–263 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90243-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar