Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T02:59:18.605Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Layer Charge Influences on the Hydration of Expandable 2:1 Phyllosilicates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

David A. Laird*
Affiliation:
USDA, ARS, National Soil Tilth Laboratory, 2150 Pammel Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of layer charge on the hydration of Mg-saturated expandable 2:1 phyllosilicates. Water retained by 12 Mg-saturated clays at 54% relative humidity was quantified gravimetrically. X-ray diffraction and total chemical analysis were used to determine the hydratable surface area (447–759 m2 g−1) and layer charge [0.327–0.754 electrons per formula unit (e f.u.−1)] of each sample. Water retained by the clays increased with both hydratable surface area and layer charge of the clays. However, the increase in H2O content with layer charge occurred only on external surfaces of the clays. This result suggests that the H2O on external surfaces is localized around the cation/charge sites rather than forming multi-layers as was suggested previously. A model is proposed for the hydration of expandable 2:1 phyllosilicates. The model assumes that interlayer volume controls interlayer hydration and that the number of cation/charge sites on external surfaces controls hydration of external surfaces.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1999, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Brindley, G.W. and Ertem, G., 1971 Preparation and solvation properties of some variable charge montmorillonites Clays and Clay Minerals 19 399404 10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cases, J.M. Berend, I. Francois, M. Michot, J.P. and Thomas, F., 1997 Mechanism of adsorption and desorption of water vapor by homoionic montmorillonite: 3. The Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ exchanged forms Clays and Clay Minerals 45 822 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiou, C.T. and Rutherford, D.W., 1997 Effects of exchanged cation and layer charge on the sorption of water and EGME vapors on montmorillonite clays Clays and Clay Minerals 45 867880 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güven, N., Güven, N. and Pollastro, üvenRM, 1992 Molecular aspects of aqueous smectite suspensions Clay-Water Interface and its Rheological Implications Boulder, Colorado Clay Minerals Society Workshop Lectures, Volume 4, Clay Minerals Society 279.Google Scholar
Johnston, C.T. Sposito, G. and Erickson, G., 1992 Vibrational probe studies of water interactions with montmorillonite Clays and Clay Minerals 40 722730 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittrick, J.A., 1969 Interlayer forces in montmorillonite and vermiculite Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33 217222 10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300020017x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A. and Mermut, A.R., 1994 Evaluation of the structural formula and alkylammonium methods of determining layer charge Layer Charge Characteristics of 2:1 Silicate Clay Minerals Boulder, Colorado Clay Minerals Society Workshop Lectures, Volume 6, Clay Minerals Society 80103.Google Scholar
Laird, D.A., 1996 Model for crystalline swelling of 2:1 phyllosilicates Clays and Clay Minerals 44 553559 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A. and Nater, E.A., 1993 Nature of the illitic phase associated with randomly interstratified smectite/illite in soils Clays and Clay Minerals 41 280287 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A. Dowdy, R.H. and Munter, R.C., 1991 Suspension nebulization analysis of clays by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy Soil Science Society of America Journal 55 274278 10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500010047x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A. Barak, P. Nater, E.A. and Dowdy, R.H., 1991 Chemistry of smectitic and illitic phases in interstratified soil smectite Soil Science Society of America Journal 55 14991504 10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500050050x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A. Shang, C. and Thompson, M.L., 1995 Hysteresis in crystalline swelling of smectites Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 171 240245 10.1006/jcis.1995.1173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, C.H. Jackson, M.L. and Page, A., 1982 Dissolution for total elemental analyses Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 2nd edition 111.Google Scholar
Mooney, R.W. Keenan, A.G. and Wood, L.A., 1952 Adsorption of water vapor by montmorillonite. II. Effect of exchangeable ions and lattice swelling as measured by x-ray diffraction Journal of the American Chemical Society 74 13711374 10.1021/ja01126a002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, A.C.D., 1983 The specific surface of soils determined by water sorption Journal of Soil Science 34 2332 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1983.tb00809.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, A.C.D. and Newman, A.C.D., 1987 The interaction of water with clay mineral surfaces Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals New York Mineralogical Society Monograph No. 6., John Wiley and Sons 237274.Google Scholar
Norrish, K., 1954 The swelling of montmorillonite Discussions of the Faraday Society 18 120133 10.1039/df9541800120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ormerod, E.C. and Newman, A.D.C., 1983 water sorption on Ca-saturated clays: II. Internaland external surfaces of montmorillonite Clay Minerals 18 289299 10.1180/claymin.1983.018.3.06.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, J.P., 1955 Significance of surface areas calculated from water vapor sorption isotherms by the B.E.T equation Soil Science 80 423430 10.1097/00010694-195512000-00001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J.D. and Farmer, V.C., 1964 Infrared spectroscopic study of the dehydration of montmorillonite and saponite Clay Minerals Bulletin 5 443464 10.1180/claymin.1964.005.32.04.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, P.G. Quirk, J.P. and Norrish, K., 1991 Crystalline swelling of smectite samples in concentrated NaCl solutions in relation to layer charge Clays and Clay Minerals 39 234238 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sposito, G. and Prost, R., 1982 Structure of water adsorbed on smectites Chemical Reviews 82 553573 10.1021/cr00052a001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theissen, A.A. and Harward, M.E., 1962 A paste method for preparation of slides for clay mineral identification by x-ray diffraction Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 26 9091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Olphen, H. and Fripiat, J.J., 1979 Data Handbook for Clay Materials and Other Non-Metallic Minerals New York Pergamon Press Inc. 208.Google Scholar