Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T12:57:20.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hydraulic Conductivity and Cation Exchange in Non-prehydrated And Prehydrated Bentonite Permeated with Weak Inorganic Salt Solutions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Ho Young Jo ,
Craig H. Benson  and
Tuncer B. Edil
Ho Young Jo
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
Craig H. Benson*
Affiliation:
Geological Engineering Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Tuncer B. Edil
Affiliation:
Geological Engineering Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Sets of replicate hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted using 100 mM KCl and 20 and 40 mM CaCl2 solutions to evaluate how changes in hydraulic conductivity are related to changes in the exchange complex and physical properties (water content and free swell) of prehydrated and non-prehydrated bentonite used for geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). Essentially no change in hydraulic conductivity and water content (or void ratio) occurred during tests with the 100 mM KCl solution even though K+ was replacing Na+ on the exchange complex. In contrast, for the CaCl2 solutions (20 mM and 40 mM), the hydraulic conductivity increased and the free swell and water content decreased as exchange of Ca2+ for Na+ occurred. Faster changes in hydraulic conductivity and the exchange complex occurred in the tests with the 40 mM CaCl2 solution and the non-prehydrated bentonite (i.e. the hydraulic conductivity changed more rapidly when exchange occurred more rapidly). Even though exchange of Ca2+ for Na+ was essentially complete at the end of testing, the hydraulic conductivity obtained with the 20 mM CaCl2 solution was less and the water content greater than obtained with the 40 mM CaCl2 solution (2.6 × 10−8 cm/s vs. 6.7 × 10−8 cm/s, 122% vs. 111%, and 3.2 vs. 2.9). Similarly, the prehydrated bentonite had lower hydraulic conductivity (1.9 × 10−8 cm/s vs. 6.7 × 10−8 cm/s) and greater water content (167% vs. 111%) than the non-prehydrated bentonite at the end of testing, even though Ca-for-Na exchange was essentially complete.

Keywords

BentoniteCation ConcentrationCation ValenceExchange ComplexFree SwellGeosynthetic Clay LinerImmobile WaterInterlayerLeachateMontmorillonitePrehydrationWaste Containment
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 52 , Issue 6 , December 2004 , pp. 661 - 679
Copyright
Copyright © 2004, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Alther, G. Evans, J. Fang, H. Witmer, K., Johnson, A. Frobel, R. and Petterson, C., (1985) Influence of inorganic permeants upon the permeability of bentonite Hydraulic Barriers in Soil and Rock Philadelphia, USA ASTM 64–73 10.1520/STP34567S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ASTM, Annual Book of Standards (2002) West Conshohocken, Philadelphia, USA ASTM.Google Scholar
Egloffstein, T., (1997) Geosynthetic Clay Liners, Part Six: Ion Exchange Geotechnical Fabrics Report 15 5 38–43.Google Scholar
Egloffstein, T., (2001) Natural bentonites — influence of the ion exchange and partial desiccation on permeability and self-healing capacity of bentonites used in GCLs Geotextiles and Geomembranes 19 427–444 10.1016/S0266-1144(01)00017-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estornell, P. and Daniel, D., (1992) Hydraulic conductivity of three geosynthetic clay liners Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118 1593–1606 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:10(1592).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleason, M. Daniel, D. and Eykholt, G., (1997) Calcium and sodium bentonite for hydraulic containment applications Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 118 438–445 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:5(438).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güven, N., Güven, N. and Pollastro, M., (1993) Molecular aspects of clay-water interactions Clay-Water Interface and its Rheological Implications Bloomington, Indiana The Clay Minerals Society 1–79.Google Scholar
Jo, H., (2003) Cation exchange and hydraulic conductivity of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) permeated with inorganic salt solutions Madison, Wisconsin, USA University of Wisconsin PhD dissertation.Google Scholar
Jo, H. Katsumi, T. Benson, C. and Edil, T., (2001) Hydraulic conductivity and swelling of non-prehydrated GCLs with single-species salt solutions Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127 557–567 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(557).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jo, H., Benson, C., Shackelford, D., Lee, J. and Edil, T. (2005) Long-term hydraulic conductivity of a Geosynthetic Clay Liner permeated with inorganic salt solutions. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashir, M. and Yanful, E., (2001) Hydraulic conductivity of bentonite permeated with acid mine drainage Canadian Geotechnical Journal 38 1034–1048 10.1139/t01-027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kjellander, R. Marcelja, S. and Quirk, J., (1988) Attractive double-layer interactions between calcium clay particles Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 126 194–211 10.1016/0021-9797(88)90113-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koerner, R., (1997) Designing with Geosynthetics 4th Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA Prentice-Hall, Inc..Google Scholar
Kolstad, Dale C. Benson, Craig H. and Edil, Tuncer B., (2004) Hydraulic Conductivity and Swell of Nonprehydrated Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with Multispecies Inorganic Solutions Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 130 12 1236–1249 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:12(1236).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagerwerff, J.V. Nakayama, F.S. and Frere, M.H., (1969) Hydraulic conductivity related to porosity and swelling of soil Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33 3–11 10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300010008x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride, M., (1994) Environmental Chemistry of Soils New York Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McBride, M., (1997) A critique of diffuse double layer models applied to colloid and surface chemistry Clays and Clay Minerals 45 598–608 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeal, B. and Coleman, N., (1966) Effect of solution composition on soil hydraulic conductivity Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 30 308–312 10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000030007x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeal, B. Norvell, W. and Coleman, N., (1966) Effect of solution composition on the swelling of extracted soil clays Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 30 313–317 10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000030008x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesri, G. and Olson, R., (1971) Mechanisms controlling the permeability of clays Clays and Clay Minerals 19 151–158 10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, K., (1993) Fundamentals of Soil Behavior 2nd New York John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Norrish, K. and Quirk, J., (1954) Crystalline swelling of montmorillonite, use of electrolytes to control swelling Nature 173 255–257 10.1038/173255a0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrov, R. and Rowe, R., (1997) Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) — chemical compatibility by hydraulic conductivity testing and factors impacting its performance Canadian Geotechnical Journal 34 863–885 10.1139/t97-055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrov, R. Rowe, R. and Quigley, R., (1997) Comparison of laboratory-measured GCL hydraulic conductivity based on three permeameter types Geotechnical Testing Journal 20 49–62 10.1520/GTJ11420J.Google Scholar
Posner, A. and Quirk, J., (1964) Changes in basal spacing of montmorillonite in electrolyte solutions Journal of Colloid Science 19 798–812 10.1016/0095-8522(64)90056-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prost, R. Koutit, T. Benchara, A. and Huard, E., (1998) State and location of water adsorbed on clay minerals: consequences of the hydration and swelling-shrinkage phenomena Clays and Clay Minerals 46 117–131 10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quaranta, J. Gabr, M. Bowders, J. and Well, L., (1997) First-exposure performance of the bentonite component of a GCL in a low-pH, calcium-enriched environment Testing and Acceptance Criteria for Geosynthetic Clay Liners West Conshohocken, Philadelphia, USA ASTM 162–177 10.1520/STP11801S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeve, R. and Ramaddoni, G., (1965) Effect of electrolyte concentration on laboratory permeability and field intake rate of a sodic soil Soil Science 99 262–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoades, J., Page, A. Miller, R. and Keeney, D., (1982) Cation exchange capacity Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties 2nd Madison, Wisconsin, USA Soil Science Society of America 149–157.Google Scholar
Rhoades, J., Page, A. Miller, R. and Keeney, D., (1982) Soluble salts Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties 2nd Madison, Wisconsin, USA Soil Science Society of America 167–179.Google Scholar
Ruhl, J. and Daniel, D., (1997) Geosynthetic clay liners permeated with chemical solutions and leachates Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 123 369–381 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:4(369).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackelford, C. Benson, C. Katsumi, T. Edil, T. and Lin, L., (2000) Evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs permeated with non-standard liquids Geotextiles and Geomembranes 18 133–162 10.1016/S0266-1144(99)00024-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shan, H. and Lai, Y., (2002) Effect of hydrating liquid on the hydraulic properties of geosynthetic clay liners Geotextiles and Geomembranes 20 19–38 10.1016/S0266-1144(01)00023-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, G., Page, A. Miller, R. and Keeney, D., (1982) Exchangeable cations Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties 2nd Madison, Wisconsin, USA Soil Science Society of America 159–165.Google Scholar
Van Olphen, H., (1991) An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry 2nd Malabar, Florida, USA Krieger Publishing Co..Google Scholar
Vasko, S. Jo, H. Benson, C. Edil, T. and Katsumi, T., (2001) Hydraulic conductivity of partially prehydrated geosynthetic clay liners permeated with aqueous calcium chloride solutions Proceedings of Geosynthetics 2001 St. Paul, Minnesota, USA Industrial Fabrics Association International 685–699.Google Scholar