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Formation of Clay Minerals During Low Temperature Experimental Alteration of Obsidian

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Motoharu Kawano ,
Katsutoshi Tomita  and
Yoshitaka Kamino
Motoharu Kawano
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890, Japan
Katsutoshi Tomita
Affiliation:
Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890, Japan
Yoshitaka Kamino
Affiliation:
Kagoshima Prefectural Institute of Industrial Technology, 1445-1 Hayato, Kagoshima 899-51, Japan
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Abstract

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Experimental alteration of obsidian in distilled-deionized water at 150°, 175°, 200°, and 225°C was studied. The alteration products were examined by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) to evaluate the formation process of clay minerals. The surface composition of obsidian before and after alteration was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and concentrations of released elements in solution were measured to elucidate alteration and dissolution processes. TEM clearly showed that allophane appeared as the first reaction product in each experiment. With increasing reaction length, noncrystalline straight fibrous material was formed in the aggregates of allophane particles as a metastable transitional phase, and tended to form curled or wavy bundles of fibers with longer reaction. The non-crystalline fibers were transformed into highly curled smectite exhibiting small circular forms less than 1.0 µm in diameter as reaction progressed. EDX confirmed that the smectite consisted mainly of Si, Al, and small amounts of Ca, K, and Fe. XPS revealed the formation of a dealkalized leached layer on the surface of obsidian during the reaction. The concentration of released elements suggested that nonstoichiometric dissolution proceeded during the reaction.

Keywords

AllophaneDealkalized leached layerFibrous materialNonstoichiometric dissolutionObsidianSmectite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 41 , Issue 4 , August 1993 , pp. 431 - 441
Copyright
Copyright © 1993, The Clay Minerals Society

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