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Diffusion of Calcium Chloride in a Modified Bentonite: Impact on Osmotic Efficiency and Hydraulic Conductivity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Francesco Mazzieri ,
Gemmina Di Emidio  and
Peter O. Van Impe
Francesco Mazzieri*
Affiliation:
Department of FIMET, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Gemmina Di Emidio
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Geotechnics, Ghent University, Technologie Park, 905, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
Peter O. Van Impe
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Geotechnics, Ghent University, Technologie Park, 905, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
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Abstract

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Chemically modified bentonites are being developed with the aim of preserving low hydraulic conductivity in the presence of potentially aggressive permeants in pollutant-containment applications. ‘Multiswellable’ bentonite (MSB) has been obtained by treating standard sodium bentonite with propylene carbonate. Research on the engineering properties of MSB has focused mainly on permeability and chemical compatibility. Solute diffusion and membrane behavior in MSB have not yet been investigated. A combined chemico-osmotic/diffusion test was performed on a MSB specimen using a 5 mM CaCl2 solution. Permeability with distilled water and with the 5 mM CaCl2 solution was measured prior to and after the chemico-osmotic/diffusion tests. The material exhibited time-dependent membrane behavior with a peak osmotic efficiency value (ω) of 0.172 that gradually shifted to zero upon breakthrough of calcium ions. Effective diffusion coefficients of calcium and chloride ions were in the range commonly described for untreated bentonite at similar porosities. After the chemico-osmotic/diffusion stage and permeation with 5 mM CaCl2, the hydraulic conductivity of MSB increased from 1.1 × 10−11 m/s to 7.0 × 10−11 m/s. The MSB was apparently converted into a calcium-exchanged bentonite at the end of the test. Prehydration and subsequent permeation might have contributed to elution of the organic additive from the clay. Further investigation is recommended to clarify the effect of prehydration on the hydraulic performance of MSB in the presence of potentially aggressive permeants.

Keywords

Chemico-osmotic EfficiencyContaminant-resistantDiffusionHydraulic ConductivityMembrane‘Multiswellable’ BentonitePropylene CarbonateSwelling
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 58 , Issue 3 , June 2010 , pp. 351 - 363
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2010

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