Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T19:06:42.613Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dehydration and Rehydration of Saponite and Vermiculite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Motoharu Kawano  and
Katsutoshi Tomita
Motoharu Kawano*
Affiliation:
Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890, Japan
Katsutoshi Tomita
Affiliation:
Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890, Japan
*
1Present address: Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, 890, Kagoshima, Japan.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The rehydration properties and behavior of interlayer cations of Ca-, Mg-, Na-, and K-saturated homoionic saponite and vermiculite heated at various temperatures were examined and their rehydration mechanisms elucidated. The most notable features of saponite were (1) except for the Mg-saturated specimen, all saponite samples rehydrated until the crystal structure was destroyed by heating; (2) the rehydration rate in air after heating decreased in the order: K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+; (3) the interlayer cations apparently migrated into hexagonal holes of the SiO4 network on thermal dehydration; and (4) the b-parameter expanded on thermal dehydration. The rehydration properties and behavior of interlayer cations of vermiculite were: (1) except for the K-saturated specimen, all vermiculite samples rehydrated until the crystal structure was destroyed by heating; (2) the rehydration rate in air after heating decreased in the order: Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+; (3) the interlayer cations apparently did not migrate into the hexagonal holes, but remained at the center of the interlayer space, even after thermal dehydration; and (4) except for the K-saturated specimen, the 6-parameters of the samples contracted on thermal dehydration. The different rehydration properties of saponite and vermiculite were apparently due to the behavior of the interlayer cations during thermal dehydration. For rehydration to occur, the interlayer cations of saponite had to migrate out of the hexagonal holes. Consequently, saponite saturated with a large cation rehydrated rapidly, whereas saponite saturated with a small cation rehydrated slowly. On the other hand, the interlayer cations of vermiculite remained in the interlayer space; therefore, the rehydration properties of vermiculite were strongly affected by the hydration energies of the interlayer cations. Furthermore, electron diffraction patterns suggested that the saponite and vermiculite consisted of random stacking and ordered stacking of adjacent 2:1 layers, respectively. The nature of the stacking of the minerals seemed to be the most important factor controlling the behavior of interlayer cations in the thermal dehydration process.

Keywords

Cation migrationDehydrationHydration energyInterlayer cationsRehydrationSaponiteVermiculite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 39 , Issue 2 , April 1991 , pp. 174 - 183
Copyright
Copyright © 1991, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Barshad, I., 1948 Vermiculite and its relation to biotite as revealed by base-exchange reactions, X-ray analysis, differential thermal curves and water content Amer. Mineral. 33 655 – 678.Google Scholar
Barshad, I., 1950 The effect of interlayer cations on the expansion of mica-type crystal lattice Amer. Mineral. 35 225 – 238.Google Scholar
Bassett, W. A., 1960 Role of hydroxyl orientation in mica alteration Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 71 449 – 456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and Wardle, R., 1970 Monoclinic and triclinic forms of pyrophyllite and pyrophyllite anhydride Amer. Mineral. 55 1259 – 1272.Google Scholar
Calvet, R. and Prost, R., 1971 Cation migration into empty octahedral sites and surface properties of clays Clays & Clay Minerals 19 175 – 186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberhart, J. T., 1963 Transformation du mica en muscovite par chauffage entre 700 et 1200°C Bull. Soc. Franc. Miner. Cristallogr. 86 213 – 251.Google Scholar
Foster, M. D., Swineford, A. and Franks, P. C., 1963 Interpretation of the composition of vermiculites and hydrobiotite Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 10th Natl. Conf., Austin, Texas, 1961 New York Pergamon Press 70 – 89.Google Scholar
Giese, R. F., 1975 The effect of F/OH substitution on some layer silicate minerals Z. Kristallogr. 141 138 – 144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaeser, R. and Méring, J., 1967 Effect du chauffage sur les montmorillonites saturées de cations de petit rayon CR. Hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 265 833 – 835.Google Scholar
Greene-Kelly, R., 1955 Dehydration of the montmorillon-ite minerals Mineral. Mag. 30 604 – 615.Google Scholar
Harward, M. E., Carstea, D. D. and Sayegh, A. H., 1969 Properties of vermiculite and smectite: Expansion and collapse Clays & Clay Minerals 16 437 – 447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoda, S. N. and Hood, W. C., 1972 Laboratory alteration of trioctahedral micas Clays & Clay Minerals 20 343 – 358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, U. and Kiemen, R., 1950 Verlust der Austausch-fahigkeit von Lithiumionen an Bentonit durch Erhitzung Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 262 95 – 99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawano, M. and Tornita, K., 1989 Rehydration properties of Na-rectorite from Makurazaki, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan Mineral. J. (Tokyo). 14 351 – 372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawano, M. and Tomita, K., 1989 X-ray studies of rehydration behaviors for montmorillonite Clay Sci. 7 277 – 287.Google Scholar
Kawano, M. and Tornita, K., 1990 X-ray powder diffraction studies on the rehydration properties of beidellite Clays & Clay Minerals .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawano, M. and Tornita, K., 1990 Rehydration mechanism of rectorite Mineral. J. .Google Scholar
Leonard, R. A. and Weed, S. B., 1967 Influence of exchange ions on the b-dimensions of dioctahedral vermiculite Clays & Clay Minerals 15 149 – 161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luca, V. and Cardile, M. C., 1989 Cation migration in smectite minerals: Electron spin resonance of exchanged Fe3+ probes Clays & Clay Minerals 37 325 – 332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C. Wilson, M. J., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1980 Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 249 – 303.Google Scholar
Mamy, J., Gaultier, J. P. and Bailey, S. W., 1976 Evolution de l’order crystalline dans la montmorillonite en relation avec la diminution d’éxchangebilité du potassium Proc. Int. Clay Confi, Mexico City, 1975 Wilmette, Illinois Applied Publishing 149 – 155.Google Scholar
McBride, M. B., Mortland, M. M. and Pinnavaia, T. J., 1975 Exchange ion positions in smectite: Effects on electron spin resonance of structural iron Clays & Clay Minerals 23 162 – 164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Méring, J., 1946 On the hydration of montmorillonite Trans. Faraday Soc. 42B 205 – 219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, A. C. D., 1969 Cation exchange properties of micas. I. The relation between mica composition and potassium exchange in solutions of different pH J. Soil Sci. 20 357 – 373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, J. L., 1984 Saponite from near Ballarat, California Clays & Clay Minerals 32 147 – 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R. C., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1980 Interstratifled clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 249 – 303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosseinsky, D. R., 1965 Electron potentials and hydration energies. Theories and correlations Chemical Reviews 65 467 – 490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tettenhorst, R., 1962 Cation migration in montmorillon-ites Amer. Mineral. 47 769 – 773.Google Scholar
Udagawa, S., Urabe, K. and Hasu, H., 1974 The crystal structure of musco vite dehydroxylate J. Japan. Assoc. Min. Petr. Econ. Geol. 69 381 – 389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vedder, W. and Wilkins, R. W. T., 1969 Dehydroxylation and rehydroxylation, oxidation and reduction of micas Amer. Mineral. 54 482 – 509.Google Scholar
Whittaker, E. J. W. and Muntus, R., 1970 Ionic radii for use in geochemistry Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34 945 – 956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar