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Contemporary Pedogenic Formation of Palygorskite in Irrigation-Induced, Saline-Sodic, Shrink-Swell Soils of Maharashtra, India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

S. Hillier  and
A. L. Pharande
S. Hillier*
Affiliation:
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
A. L. Pharande*
Affiliation:
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri 413722 District, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
†Present address: College of Agriculture, Kolhapur-416004, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract

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Increasing use of irrigation in India has exacerbated the problems of soil salinity and sodicity. The present study was undertaken on shrink-swell soils from Maharastra State to determine if changes in soil chemistry due to irrigation have affected the clay mineralogy. Twenty six samples (15 locations) of irrigation-induced, saline-sodic, shrink-swell soils and 27 samples (22 locations) of normal un-irrigated (rain-fed) shrink-swell soils were studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The XRPD analysis of the <0.2 µm fraction of rain-fed, shrink-swell soils indicates a predominance of dioctahedral smectite with minor to trace amounts of kaolinite and chlorite. Traces of palygorskite (1–4%) were detected in three samples. In contrast, palygorskite is a common component (1–20%) of the fine-clay fraction of saline-sodic soils. Quantitative analysis of palygorskite by XRPD in whole-soil (<2 mm) samples showed that saline-sodic soils contain up to 20 wt.% of palygorskite, whereas palygorskite was only detectable (1.5 wt.%) in one sample of the rain-fed set. The SEM, TEM, and FTIR confirm the presence of Fe-rich palygorskite in saline-sodic soils and demonstrate that the fibrous palygorskite crystals are exceedingly small (∼0.5 µm long). Delicate palygorskite fibers radiate from the margins of smectite plates suggestive of a pedogenic origin and a close genetic relationship between smectite and palygorskite. The compositions of saturation-paste extracts display a shift from the stability field of smectite in rain-fed soils to that of palygorskite in saline-sodic soils. Thus the occurrence and formation of palygorskite appears to be related to the change in land management from rain-fed to irrigated agriculture. This change has occurred over a period of no more than 40–50 y, implying that palygorskite formation in the irrigated, saline-sodic soils has been an extremely rapid process.

Keywords

BeidelliteIrrigationMontmorillonitePalygorskitePedogenicShrink-swellSoilSmectiteVertisol
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 56 , Issue 5 , October 2008 , pp. 531 - 548
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2009

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