Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T15:53:03.287Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Clay Dispersion and Hydraulic Conductivity of Clay-Sand Mixtures as Affected by the Addition of Various Anions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

H. Frenkel ,
G. J. Levy  and
M. V. Fey
H. Frenkel
Affiliation:
Institute of Soils and Water, ARO, The Volcani Center, Israel
G. J. Levy
Affiliation:
Institute of Soils and Water, ARO, The Volcani Center, Israel
M. V. Fey
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The effect of anions on clay dispersion and the hydraulic conductivity (HC) of clay-sand mixtures has received little attention. This study investigates the effect that adding small amounts of anions has on the dispersivity and HC of reference clays. Mixtures of 3 and 6 g 100 g−1 kaolinite, smectite, and illite with quartz sand were packed in columns. The columns were saturated with Ca and then leached with 1 molc m−3 of one of the following organic and inorganic Na salts: chloride, hydroxide, EDTA, silicate, citrate, formate, oxalate, hexametaphosphate, orthophosphate, tartrate, or humate. Changes in HC and clay concentration in the effluent were measured and clay dispersion was evaluated as a function of the various anions added. In the kaolinite clay-sand mixtures, a significant amount of clay was observed in the effluent for all anions tested, and the HC increased above its original value. The HC of smectite clay-sand mixtures decreased following the addition of the various anions. Dispersed clay appeared in the effluent only upon addition of citrate or hexametaphosphate. In the latter two cases, the HC started to increase once maximum clay concentration appeared in the effluent. Clay concentration in the effluent of smectite was one order of magnitude lower than that of kaolinite. Illite clay-sand mixtures showed dispersion behavior intermediate between smectite and kaolinite but behaved in the same way as kaolinite with respect to HC changes.

Keywords

IlliteKaoliniteOrganic anionsSmectite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 40 , Issue 5 , October 1992 , pp. 515 - 521
Copyright
Copyright © 1992, The Clay Minerals Society

Footnotes

Contribution from the Department of Agronomy, University of Natal, P.O. Box 375, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

References

Ali, O. M., Yousaf, M. and Rhoades, J. D., 1987 Effect of exchangeable cation and electrolyte concentration on mineralogy of clay dispersed from aggregates Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 51 896 – 900 10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100040011x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alperovitch, N., Shainberg, I. and Keren, R., 1985 Effect of clay mineralogy and aluminum and iron oxides on the hydraulic conductivity of clay-sand mixtures Clays & Clay Minerals 33 443 – 450 10.1346/CCMN.1985.0330511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felhendler, R., Shainberg, I. and Frenkel, H., 1974 Dispersion and hydraulic conductivity of soils in mixed solution 103 – 112.Google Scholar
Frenkel, H., Goertzen, J. O. and Rhoades, J. D., 1978 Effect of clay type and content, exchangeable sodium percentage and electrolyte concentration on clay dispersion and soil hydraulic conductivity Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 42 32 – 39 10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200010008x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frenkel, H., Fey, M. V., and Levy, G. J., (1992) Critical flocculation concentration of reference and soil clays in the absence or presence of organic and inorganic anions: Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 56, (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, S. and Glaubig, R. A., 1987 Effect of saturating cation, pH and aluminum and iron oxide on the flocculation of kaolinite and montmorillonite Clays & Clay Minerals 35 220 – 227 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, G. J., Shainberg, I., Alperovitch, N. and van der Merwe, A. J., 1991 Effect of Na-hexametaphosphate on the hydraulic conductivity of kaolinite-sand mixtures Clays & Clay Minerals 39 131 – 136 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeal, B. L. and Coleman, N. T., 1966 Effect of solution composition on soil hydraulic conductivity Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30 308 – 312 10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000030007x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeal, B. L., Norvell, W. A. and Coleman, N. T., 1966 Effect of solution composition on soil hydraulic conductivity and on swelling of extracted soil clays Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30 308 – 315 10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000030007x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeal, B. L., Layfield, D. A., Norvell, W. A. and Rhoades, J. D., 1968 Factors influencing hydraulic conductivity of soils in the presence of mixed-salt solutions Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32 187 – 190 10.2136/sssaj1968.03615995003200020012x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oster, J. D., Shainberg, I. and Wood, J. D., 1980 Flocculation value and gel structure of Na/Ca montmorillonite and illite suspension Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 44 955 – 959 10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050016x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prafitt, R. L., 1978 Anion adsorption by soils and soil materials Adv. Agron. 30 1 – 50.Google Scholar
Pupisky, H. and Shainberg, I., 1979 Salt effect on the hydraulic conductivity of a sandy soil Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 43 429 – 433 10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300030001x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, J. P. and Schofield, R. K., 1955 The effect of electrolyte concentration on soil permeability J. Soil Sci. 6 163 – 178 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1955.tb00841.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russo, D. and Bresler, E., 1977 Effect of mixed Na-Ca solutions on the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 41 713 – 717 10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100040019x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, R. K. and Samson, H. R., 1954 Flocculation of kaolinite due to the attraction of oppositely charged crystal faces Disc. Farad. Soc. 18 135 – 145 10.1039/df9541800135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shainberg, I. and Letey, J., 1984 Response of soils to sodic and saline conditions Hilgardia 52 1 – 57 10.3733/hilg.v52n02p057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanmuganathan, R. T. and Oades, J. M., 1983 Influence of anions on dispersion and physical properties of the A horizon of a red brown earth Geoderma 29 257 – 277 10.1016/0016-7061(83)90091-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Olphen, H., 1977 An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry 2nd ed New York John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Yousaf, M., Ali, O. M. and Rhoades, J. D., 1987 Clay dispersion and hydraulic conductivity of some salt-affected arid land soils Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 52 905 – 907 10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100040013x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar