Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T21:35:48.773Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chemical and Crystallographic Properties of Kaolin from Ultisols in Thailand

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Wimolnan Kanket ,
Anchalee Suddhiprakarn ,
Irb Kheoruenromne  and
Robert J. Gilkes
Wimolnan Kanket
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Anchalee Suddhiprakarn*
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Irb Kheoruenromne
Affiliation:
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Robert J. Gilkes
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Eighteen purified kaolin samples from Thai Ultisols were studied by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy and BET methods. Minor amounts of inhibited vermiculite, quartz and anatase were general contaminants of the kaolins which had an average chemical composition of 403 g kg−1 Al2O3, 550 g kg−1 SiO2, 25.3 g kg−1 Fe2O3, 15.6 g kg−1 TiO2 and 4.65 g kg−1 K2O on an ignited basis. Appreciable concentrations of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb were present and most of the Ni, Cu and Zn in the original clay fraction was retained in the deferrated kaolin concentrate. It was not possible to determine if these elements are present as structural ions in kaolin crystals.

The kaolins exhibited a variety of crystal morphologies ranging from sub-micron, euhedral, hexagonal plates to anhedral plates and tubes. Their specific surface areas ranged from 15.9 to 61.4 m2g−1 (mean 44.9 m2g−1) and surface area increased with decrease in crystal size. The cation exchange capacity of the kaolins ranged from 7.2 to 23.4 cmolc kg−1 and surface charge density from 0.16 to 0.99 C m−2 but these values are sensitive to the presence of contaminants. Structural iron ranged from 12.4 to 44.8 g kg−1 Fe2O3 and there was an increase in structural defects towards the soil surface associated with an increase in the amount of structural iron.

Keywords

Crystal ShapeIron SubstitutionKaolinTropical SoilUltisols
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 53 , Issue 5 , October 2005 , pp. 478 - 489
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2005

References

Aylmore, L.A.G. Sills, I.D. and Quirk, J.P., (1970) Surface area of homoionic illite and montmorillonite clay minerals as measured by sorption of nitrogen and carbon dioxide Clays and Clay Minerals 18 91–96 10.1346/CCMN.1970.0180204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolland, M.D.A. Posner, A.M. and Quirk, J.P., (1976) Surface charge on kaolinites in aqueous suspension Australian Journal of Soil Research 14 197–216 10.1071/SR9760197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, N.C. and Ray, R.W., (2002) The Nature and Properties of Soils 13th edition New York MacMillan Co..Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. Kao, C.C. Harrison, J.L. Lipsicas, M. and Raythatha, R., (1986) Relation between structure disorder and other characteristics of kaolinites and dickites Clays and Clay Minerals 34 239–249 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. Brindley, G.W., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., (1980) X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 305–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cases, J.M. Cunin, P. Grillet, Y. Poinsignon, C. and Yvon, J., (1986) Methods of analyzing the morphology of kaolinites: relations between crystallographic and morphological properties Clay Minerals 21 55–68 10.1180/claymin.1986.021.1.05.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Alwis, K.A. and Pluth, D.J., (1976) The red latosols of Sri Lanka: I. Macro-morphological, physical and chemical properties, genesis and classification. II. Mineralogy and weathering Soil Science Society of America Journal 40 912–928 10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000060031x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, J.B., Dixon, J.B. and Weed, S.B., (1989) Kaolin and serpentine group minerals Minerals in Soil Environments 2nd edition Wisconsin Soil Science Society of America, Madison 467–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, A.P. and Jepson, W.B., (1975) The exchange capacity of kaolinite and the preparation of homoionic clays Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 51 245–259 10.1016/0021-9797(75)90110-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gee, G.W. Bauder, J.W. and Klute, A., (1986) Particle-size analysis Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods Wisconsin American Society of Agronomy, Madison 383–411.Google Scholar
Gilkes, R.J. and Suddhiprakam, A., (1979) Biotite alteration in deeply weathered granite. I. Morphological, mineralogical and chemical properties Clays and Clay Minerals 27 349–360 10.1346/CCMN.1979.0270505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, R.D. Gilkes, R.J. Siradz, S. and Singh, B., (2002) The nature of soil kaolins from Indonesia and Western Australia Clays and Clay Minerals 50 198–207 10.1346/000986002760832793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, R.D. Wiriyakitnateekul, W. and Gilkes, R.J., (2003) Properties of kaolins from Thailand Clay Minerals 39 71–94 10.1180/0009855033810080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, J.C. and Brown, G., (1979) A crystallinity index for soil kaolins and its relation to parent rock, climate and soil maturity Journal of Soil Science 30 557–563 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1979.tb01009.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jungerius, P.D. and Levelt, T.W.M., (1964) Clay mineralogy of soils over sedimentary rock in Eastern Nigeria Soil Science 97 89–95 10.1097/00010694-196402000-00004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juo, A.S.R. and Theng, B.K.G., (1980) Mineralogical characteristics of Alfisols and Ultisols Soils with Variable Charge New Zealand New Zealand Society of Soil Science, Lower Hutt 69–86.Google Scholar
Kheoruenromne, I. Kesawapitak, P., Craswell, E.T. and Pushparajah, E., (1989) Management of acid soils for food crop production in Thailand Management of Acid Soils in the Humid Tropics in Asia 100–109.Google Scholar
Kheoruenromne, I., (1999) Soil Survey Laboratory Manual Bangkok Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University.Google Scholar
Klug, H.P. and Alexander, L.E., (1954) X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials 2nd edition New York John Wiley and Sons Inc..Google Scholar
Koppi, A.J. and Skjemstad, J.O., (1981) Soil kaolins and their genetic relationships in southeast Queensland, Australia Journal of Soil Science 32 661–672 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1981.tb01738.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, C. and Eggleton, R.A., (1999) Cation exchange capacity of kaolinite Clays and Clay Minerals 47 174–180 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470207.Google Scholar
McCrea, A.F. Anand, R.R. and Gilkes, R.J., (1990) Mineralogical and physical properties of lateritic pallid zone materials developed from granite and dolerite Geoderma 47 33–57 10.1016/0016-7061(90)90046-C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C. Wilson, M.J., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., (1980) Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 197–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehra, O.P. and Jackson, M.L., (1960) Iron oxide removal from soils and clay hy a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium hicarhonate Clays and Clay Minerals 1 317–327.Google Scholar
Melo, V.F. Singh, B. Schaefer, CEGR Novais, R.F. and Fontes, M.P.F., (2001) Chemical and mineralogical properties of kaolinite-rich Brazilian soils Soil Science Society of America Journal 65 1324–1333 10.2136/sssaj2001.6541324x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mestdagh, M.M. Vielvoye, L. and Herhillon, A.J., (1980) Iron in kaolinite: II. The relationship between kaolinite crystallinity and iron content Clay Minerals 15 1–13 10.1180/claymin.1980.015.1.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montes, C.R. Melfi, A.J. Carvalho, A. Vieira-Coelho, A.C. and Formoso, M.L.L., (2002) Genesis, mineralogy and geochemistry of kaolin deposits of the Jari River, Amapa State, Brazil Clays and Clay Minerals 50 494–503 10.1346/000986002320514217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K. Chappell, B.W. and Zussman, J., (1977) X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Physical Methods in Determinative Mineralogy New York Academic Press, Inc. 201–272.Google Scholar
Rayment, G.E. and Higginson, E.R., (1992) Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods Melbourne Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbook, Inkata Press.Google Scholar
Schwertmann, U. Herhillon, A.J. and Lai, R., (1992) Some aspects of fertility associated with the mineralogy of highly weathered tropical soils Myths and Science of Soils of the Tropics Wisconsin Soil Science Society of America, Madison 47–59.Google Scholar
Singh, B. and Gilkes, R.J., (1992) Weathering of a chromium muscovite to kaolinite Clays and Clay Minerals 40 212–229 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, B. and Gilkes, R.J., (1992) XPAS: An interactive program to analyse X-ray powder diffraction patterns Powder Diffraction 7 6–10 10.1017/S0885715600015992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, B. and Gilkes, R.J., (1992) Properties of soil kaolinite from south-western Australia Journal of Soil Science 43 645–666 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1992.tb00165.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soil Survey Division Staff, Soil Survey Manual (1993) Washington, D.C. Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.Google Scholar
Soil Survey Staff, Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys (1999) 2nd edition Washington, D.C. United States Department of Agriculture, US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Soil Survey Staff, Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2003) 9th edition Washington, D.C. United States Department of Agriculture. US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Stace, H.C.T. Hubble, G.D. Brewer, R. Northcote, K.H. Sleeman, J.R. Mulcahy, M.J. and Hallsworth, E.G., (1965) A Handbook of Australian Soils South Australia Rellim Technical Publications, Adelaide.Google Scholar
Suraj, G. Iyer, C.S.P. Rugmini, S. and Lalithamhika, M., (1997) The effects of micronization on kaolinites and their sorption behavior Applied Clay Science 12 111–130 10.1016/S0169-1317(96)00044-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tari, G. Bobos, I. Gomes, C.S.F. and Ferreira, J.M.F., (1999) Modification of surface charge properties during kaolinite to halloysite-7 Å transformation Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 210 360–366 10.1006/jcis.1998.5917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, G.W., Sparks, D.L. Page, A.L. Helmke, P.A. Loeppert, R.H. Soltanpour, P.N. Tahatahai, M.A. Johnston, C.T. and Sumner, M.E., (1996) Soil pH and soil acidity Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3: Chemical Methods Wisconsin American Society of Agronomy, Madison 475–490.Google Scholar
Trunz, V., (1976) The influence of crystallite size on the apparent basal spacings of kaolinite Clays and Clay Minerals 24 84–87 10.1346/CCMN.1976.0240206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, R., (1965) A catena of soils on the Northern Rhodesia Plateau Journal of Soil Science 16 31–43 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1965.tb01418.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yong, R.N. Mohamed, A.M.O. and Warketin, B.P., (1992) Principles of Contaminant Transport in Soil Amsterdam Elsevier.Google Scholar
Yoothong, K. Monchareon, L. Vijamson, P. and Eswaran, H., (1997) Clay mineralogy in Thai soils Applied Clay Science 11 357–371 10.1016/S0169-1317(96)00033-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar