Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T21:37:05.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Characterization of Illitization of Smectite in Bentonite Beds at Kinnekulle, Sweden

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Atsuyuki Inoue
Affiliation:
Geological Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260, Japan
Takashi Watanabe
Affiliation:
Johetsu University of Education, Johetsu, Niigata 943, Japan
Norihiko Kohyama
Affiliation:
National Institute of Industrial Health, The Ministry of Labor Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 213, Japan
Ann Marie Brusewitz
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, S-75128 Uppsala, Sweden
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Structure, morphology, and chemical composition of illite/smectite (I/S) containing 30–50% smectite layers (% S) from Kinnekulle bentonites, Sweden, of diagenetic origin were examined using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interlayer arrangements of I/S changed from random interstratification to short-range ordered at about 40% S. The transition from random to ordered structure proceeded continuously as reflected by the gradual decrease in probability of two smectite neighbors (Pss) towards zero. TEM observations of water-dispersed samples that had not been cation-exchanged showed that the I/S consisted dominantly of flakes coexisting with laths having a length/width ratio of about 4, regardless of % S. The thickness of the I/S particles ranged from 30 to 100 Å, and no systematic variation in thickness was detected with decreasing % S. The chemical composition of the I/S also changed continuously with decreasing % S. These observations suggest no dissolution of smectite layers and no recrystallization of illite layers during the formation of the I/S in these bentonites; rather, cationic substitutions occurred within a smectite precursor (termed a solid-state transformation mechanism). A comparison of interlayer order, particle texture, and chemistry of the I/S from various types of rocks suggests that the mechanism of smectite-to-illite conversion in the range 100% S-30% S was related to the porosity and permeability of original rocks. The solid-state transformation mechanism appears to have predominated in rocks of low porosity and permeability.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1990, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Ahn, J. H. and Peacor, D. R., 1986 Transmission and analytical electron microscopy of the smectite-to-illite transition Clays & Clay Minerals 34 165179.Google Scholar
Altaner, S. P., 1989 Calculation of K diffusional rates in bentonite beds Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 923931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altaner, S. P., Hower, J., Whitney, G. and Aronson, J. L., 1984 Model for K-bentonite formation: Evidence from zoned K-bentonites in the disturbed belt, Montana Geology 12 412415.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bethke, C. M., Vergo, N. and Altaner, S. P., 1986 Pathways of smectite illitization Clays A Clay Minerals 34 125135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boles, J. R. and Franks, S. G., 1979 Clay diagenesis in Wilcox sandstones of southwest Texas: Implications of smectite diagenesis on sandstone cementation J. Sed. Petrol 49 5570.Google Scholar
Brusewitz, A. M. and Andersson, D. M., 1984 Preliminary report on potassium bentonites in Sweden. A study of illite-smectite minerals: in Smectite Alteration Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. Tech. Rept. 84 11.Google Scholar
Brusewitz, A. M., 1986 Chemical and physical properties of Paleozoic potassium bentonites from Kinnekulle, Sweden Clays & Clay Minerals 34 442454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brusewitz, A. M., 1988 Asymmetric zonation of a thick Ordovician K-bentonite bed at Kinnekulle, Sweden Clays & Clay Minerals 36 349353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D. D. and Hower, J., 1976 Kinetics of illite formation Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull 87 13261330.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D. D. and Srodon, J., 1988 Ostwald ripening and interparticle-diffiaction effects for illite crystals Amer. Mineral 73 13351345.Google Scholar
Glasmann, J. R., Larter, S., Briedis, N. A. and Lundegard, P. D., 1989 Shale diagenesis in the Bergen high area, North Sea Clays & Clay Minerals 37 97112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giiven, N., Hower, W. F. and Davies, D. K., 1980 Nature of authigenic illites in sandstone reservoirs J. Sed. Petrol 50 761766.Google Scholar
Hoffman, J. and Hower, J., 1979 Clay mineral assemblages as low grade metamorphic geothermometers: Application to the thrust faulted disturbed belt of Montana, U.S.A. Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ 26 5579.Google Scholar
Horton, D. G., 1985 Mixed-layer illite/smectite as a paleotemperature indicator in the Amethyst vein system, Creede district, Colorado, USA Contrib. Mineral. Petrol 91 171179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. and Longstaff, F. J., 1981 Shale diagenesis: in Clays and the Resource Geologist Short Course Handbook 7 6080.Google Scholar
Hower, J., Eslinger, E., Hower, M. and Perry, E., 1976 The mechanism of burial diagenesis reaction in argillaceous sediments, 1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull 87 725737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. and Mowatt, T. C., 1966 The mineralogy of illite and mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites Amer. Mineral 51 825854.Google Scholar
Hugget, J. M., 1982 On the nature of fibrous illite as observed by electron microscope Clay Miner 17 433441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A., Bouchet, A., Velde, B. and Meunier, A., 1989 Convenient technique for estimating smectite layer percentage in randomly interstratified illite/smectite minerals Clays & Clay Minerals 37 227234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A., Kohyama, N., Kitagawa, R. and Watanabe, T., 1987 Chemical and morphological evidence for the conversion of smectite to illite Clays & Clay Minerals 35 111120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. and Utada, M., 1983 Further investigations of a conversion series of dioctahedral mica/smectites in the Shinzan hydrothermal alteration area, northeast Japan Clays & Clay Minerals 31 401412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A., Velde, B., Meunier, A. and Touchard, G., 1988 Mechanism of illite formation during smectite-to-illite conversion in a hydrothermal system Amer. Mineral 73 13251334.Google Scholar
Jagodzinski, H., 1949 Eindimensionale Fehlordnung in Kristallen und ihr Einftuss auf die Röntgeninterferenzen. I. Berechnung des Fehlordnungsgrades aus der Rontgeninten-sitaten Acta Crystallogr 2 201207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHardy, W. J., Wilson, M. J. and Tait, J.M., 1982 Electron microscope and X-ray diffraction studies of filamentous illitic clay from sandstones of the Magnus Field Clay Miner 17 2339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Tait, J. M., McHardy, W. J. and Wilson, M. J., 1984 Interstratified XRD characteristics of physical mixtures of elementary clay particles Clay Miner 19 6776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Wilson, M. J., McHardy, W. J. and Tait, J. M., 1985 The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis: Evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones Mineral. Mag 49 393400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, C. O., 1971 Semidisplacive mechanism for diagenetic alteration of montmorillonite layers to illite layers Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 134 7993.Google Scholar
Pollastro, R. M., 1985 Mineralogical and morphological evidence for the formation of illite at the expense of illite/ smectite Clays & Clay Minerals 33 265274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramseyer, K. and Boles, J. R., 1986 Mixed-layer illite/ smectite minerals in Tertiary sandstones and shales, San Joaquin basin, California Clays & Clay Minerals 34 115124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R. C. and Hower, J., 1970 The nature of inter-layering in mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites Clays & Clay Minerals 18 2536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberson, H. E. and Lahann, R. W., 1981 Smectite to illite conversion rates, effects of solution chemistry Clays & Clay Minerals 29 129135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sato, M., 1965 Structure of interstratified minerals Nature 208 7071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sato, M. and Kizaki, Y., 1972 Structure of a 38 Å inter-stratified mineral, an illite-montmorillonite mixture Z. Kristallogr 135 219231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srodon, J., Eberl, D. D. and Bailey, S. W., 1984 Illite Micas, Reviews in Mineralogy 13 Washington, D.C. Mineral. Soc. Amer. 495544.Google Scholar
Velde, B. and Brusewitz, A. M., 1982 Metasomatic and non-metasomatic low grade metamorphism of Ordovician metabentonites in Sweden Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46 447452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watanabe, T., 1981 Identification of illite/montmorillonite interstratification by X-ray powder diffraction J. Mineral. Soc. Japan, Spec. Issue 15 3241.Google Scholar
Watanabe, T., 1988 The structural model of illite/smectite interstratified minerals and the diagram for its identifica-tion Clay Sei 7 97114.Google Scholar
Yau, Y.-C. Peacor, D. R. and McDowell, S. D., 1987 Smectite-to-illite reactions in Salton Sea shales: A transmission and analytical electron microscope study J. Sed. Petrol 57 335342.Google Scholar