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Bioavailability of Fe(III) In Loess Sediments: An Important Source of Electron Acceptors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Michael E. Bishop ,
Deb P. Jaisi ,
Hailiang Dong ,
Ravi K. Kukkadapu  and
Junfeng Ji
Michael E. Bishop
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
Deb P. Jaisi
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, PO Box 20820, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
Hailiang Dong*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA Geomicrobiology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences — Wuhan, Wuhan, 430074, China
Ravi K. Kukkadapu
Affiliation:
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
Junfeng Ji
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing China
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
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Abstract

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Fe-reducing micro-organisms can change the oxidation state of structural Fe in clay minerals. The interactions with complex clays and clay minerals in natural materials remain poorly understood, however. The objective of this study was to determine if Fe(III) in loess was available as an electron acceptor and to study subsequent mineralogical changes. The loess samples were collected from St. Louis (Peoria), Missouri, USA, and Huanxia (HX) and Yanchang (YCH), in the Shanxi Province of China. The total Fe concentrations for the three samples was 1.69, 2.76, and 3.29 wt.%, respectively, and Fe(III) content was 0.48, 0.69, and 1.27 wt.%, respectively. All unreduced loess sediments contained Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and phyllosilicates. Bioreduction experiments were performed using Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 with lactate as the sole electron donor and Fe(III) in loess as the sole electron acceptor with and without anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS) as an electron shuttle. Experiments were performed in non-growth (bicarbonate buffer) and growth (M1) media. The unreduced and bioreduced solids were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. Despite many similarities among the three loess samples, the extent and rate of Fe(III) reduction varied significantly. In the presence of AQDS the extent of reduction in the non-growth experiment was 25% of total Fe(III) in HX, 34% in Peoria, and 38% in YCH. The extent of reduction in the growth experiment was 72% in HX, 94% in Peoria, and 65% in YCH. The extent of bioreduction was less in the absence of AQDS. Overall, AQDS and the M1 growth medium significantly enhanced the rate and extent of bioreduction. Fe(III) in (oxyhydr)oxides and phyllosilicates was bioreduced. Siderite was absent in control samples, but was identified in bioreduced samples. The present research suggests that Fe(III) in loess sediments is an important potential source of electron acceptors that could support microbial activity under favorable conditions.

Keywords

BioreductionIronLoessMineral TransformationShewanella putrefaciens
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 58 , Issue 4 , August 2010 , pp. 542 - 557
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2010

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