Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T14:26:53.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Baseline Studies of the Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Layer-Charge Determination and Characteristics of Those Minerals Containing 2:1 Layers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Ahmet R. Mermut  and
G. Lagaly
Ahmet R. Mermut*
Affiliation:
University of Saskatchewan, Department of Soil Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
G. Lagaly
Affiliation:
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany
*
E-mail of authors: [email protected]; [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The layer charge is perhaps the single most significant characteristic of 2: 1 layer phyllosilicates. Layer charge affects cation-retention capacity and adsorption of water, and various polar organic molecules. The effects of layer charge on the sorptive properties of organo- clays were illustrated by Lee et al. (1990). It is generally agreed that the classification of 2: 1 silicate clays, which is a continuing problem, may be resolved by taking into account the magnitude of the layer charge (Bailey et al., 1971; Malla and Douglas, 1987). Studies on structural chemistry also confirm the importance of the layer charge for the characterization of the 2:1 phyllosilicates (Newman and Brown, 1987).

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 49 , Issue 5 , October 2001 , pp. 393 - 397
Copyright
Copyright © 2001, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Bailey, S.W. Brindley, G.W. Johns, W.D. Martin, R.T. and Ross, M., 1971 Summary of national and international recommendations on clay minerals nomenclature Clays and Clay Minerals 19 129–132 10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ertem, G., 1972 Irreversible collapse of montmorillonite Clays and Clay Minerals 20 199–205 10.1346/CCMN.1972.0200403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghabru, S.K. Mermut, A.R. and St. Arnaud, R.J., 1989 Layer-charge and cation-exchange characteristics of vermiculite (weathered biotite) isolated from a Gray Luvisol in northeastern Saskatchewan Clays and Clay Minerals 37 164–172 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene-Kelly, R., 1953 Irreversible dehydration in montmorillonite minerals Mineralogical Magazine 30 604–615 10.1180/minmag.1955.030.228.06.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, U. and Kiemen, R., 1950 Verlust der Austauschfähigkeit von Lithiumionen an Bentonite durch Erhitzung Zeitschrift Anorganische Chemie 262 95–99 10.1002/zaac.19502620114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaynes, W.F. and Bigham, J.M., 1987 Charge reduction, octahedral charge and lithium retention in heated, Li-saturated smectites Clays and Clay Minerals 35 440–448 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köster, H.M., 1977 Die Berechnung kristallchemischer Structurformeln von 2:1 Schichtsilikaten unter Berücksichtigung der gemessenen Zwischenschichtladungen und Kationenumtauschkapazitäten, sowie die Darstellung der Ladungsverteilung in der Struktur mittels Dreieckskoordinaten Clay Minerals 12 45–54 10.1180/claymin.1977.012.1.03.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., 1981 Characterization of clays by organic compounds Clay Minerals 16 1–21 10.1180/claymin.1981.016.1.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G., 1982 Layer charge heterogeneity in vermiculites Clays and Clay Minerals 30 215–222 10.1346/CCMN.1982.0300308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G. and Mermut, A.R., 1994 Layer charge determination by alkylammonium ions Layer Charge Characteristics of Clays Boulder, Colorado The Clay Minerals Society 1–46 CMS Workshop Lectures, 6 .Google Scholar
Lagaly, G. Weiss, A. and Heller, L., 1969 Determination of the layer charge in mica-type layer silicates. Pp. 61–80 Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Tokyo, 1969, Volume 1 Jerusalem Israel University Press.Google Scholar
Lagaly, G. Fernandez Gonzales, M. and Weiss, A., 1976 Problems in layer-charge determination of montmorillonites Clay Minerals 11 173–187 10.1180/claymin.1976.011.3.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A. and Mermut, A.R., 1994 Evaluation of the structural formula and alkylammonium methods of determining layer charge Layer Charge Characteristics of Clays Boulder, Colorado The Clay Minerals Society 80–103 CMS Workshop Lectures, 6 .Google Scholar
Laird, D.A. Scott, A.D. and Fenton, T.E., 1989 Evaluation of the alkylammonium method of determining layer charge Clays and Clay Minerals 37 41–46 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J.F. Mortland, M.M. Chiou, C.T. Kile, D.E. and Boyd, S.A., 1990 Adsorption of benzene, toluene and xylene by two tetramefhyl-ammonium-smectites having different charge densities Clays and Clay Minerals 38 113–120 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, C.H. and Jackson, M.L., 1986 Expandable phyllosilicate reactions with lithium on heating Clays and Clay Minerals 34 346–352 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madjevá, J. Bujdák, J. Gates, W.P. and Komadel, P., 1996 Preparation and infrared spectroscopic characterization of reduced-charge montmorillonite with variable Li contents Clay Minerals 31 233–241 10.1180/claymin.1996.031.2.09.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malla, P.B. and Douglas, L.A., 1987 Problems in identification of montmorillonite and beidellite Clays and Clay Minerals 35 232–236 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcks, C.h. Wachsmuth, H. Reichenbach, H. and Graf, V., 1989 Preparation of vermiculites for HRTEM Clay Minerals 24 23–32 10.1180/claymin.1989.024.1.02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mermut, A.R. and Mermut, A.R., 1994 Problems associated with layer charge characterization of phyllosilicates Layer Charge Characteristics of Clays Boulder Colorado The Clay Minerals Society 106–122 CMS Workshop Lectures, 6 .Google Scholar
Mermut, A.R. and St. Arnaud, R.J. (1990) Layer charge determination of high charge phyllosilicates by alkylammonium technique. 27th Annual Meeting of the Clay Minerals Society, Columbia, Missouri, Program and Abstracts, p. 86.Google Scholar
Newman, A.C.D. Brown, G. and Newman, A.C.D., 1987 The chemical constitution of clays. Pp. 1–128 in: Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals Mineralogical Society Monograph, 6 Harlow, Essex, UK Longman Technical and Scientific.Google Scholar
Olis, A.C. Malla, P.B. and Douglas, L.A., 1990 The rapid estimation of the layer charges of 2:1 expanding clays from a single alkylammonium ion expansion Clay Minerals 25 39–50 10.1180/claymin.1990.025.1.05.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rengasamy, P. van Assche, J.B. and Uytterhoeven, J.B., 1976 Particle size of Wyoming bentonite and its relation to the cation exchange capacity and the homogeneity of the charge density Journal of Chemical Society Faraday Transactions 72 376–381 10.1039/f19767200376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, C.S. and Hendricks, S.B., 1945 Minerals of montmorillonite group U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 205B 23–77.Google Scholar
Ruehlicke, G. and Kohler, E.E., 1981 A simplified procedure for determining layer charge by n-alkylammonium method Clay Minerals 16 305–307 10.1180/claymin.1981.016.3.08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senkayi, A.L. Dixon, J.B. Hossner, L.R. and Kippenberger, L.A., 1985 Layer charge evaluation of expandable soil clays by an alkylammonium method Soil Science Society of America Journal 49 1054–1060 10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040052x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanjek, H. and Friedrich, R., 1986 The determination of layer charge by curve fitting of Lorentz- and polarization-corrected X-ray diagrams Clay Minerals 21 183–190 10.1180/claymin.1986.021.2.07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanjek, H. Niederbudde, E.A. and Häusler, W., 1992 Improved evaluation of layer charge of n-alkylammonium-treated fine soil clays by Lorentz- and polarization-correlation and curve-fitting Clay Minerals 27 3–19 10.1180/claymin.1992.027.1.02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vali, H. Hesse, R. and Kodama, H., 1992 Arrangement of n-alkylammonium ions in phlogopite and vermiculite: An XRD and TEM study Clays and Clay Minerals 40 240–245 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar