Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T09:12:41.233Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diffusion of Calcium Chloride in a Modified Bentonite: Impact on Osmotic Efficiency and Hydraulic Conductivity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Francesco Mazzieri ,
Gemmina Di Emidio  and
Peter O. Van Impe
Francesco Mazzieri*
Affiliation:
Department of FIMET, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Gemmina Di Emidio
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Geotechnics, Ghent University, Technologie Park, 905, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
Peter O. Van Impe
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Geotechnics, Ghent University, Technologie Park, 905, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Chemically modified bentonites are being developed with the aim of preserving low hydraulic conductivity in the presence of potentially aggressive permeants in pollutant-containment applications. ‘Multiswellable’ bentonite (MSB) has been obtained by treating standard sodium bentonite with propylene carbonate. Research on the engineering properties of MSB has focused mainly on permeability and chemical compatibility. Solute diffusion and membrane behavior in MSB have not yet been investigated. A combined chemico-osmotic/diffusion test was performed on a MSB specimen using a 5 mM CaCl2 solution. Permeability with distilled water and with the 5 mM CaCl2 solution was measured prior to and after the chemico-osmotic/diffusion tests. The material exhibited time-dependent membrane behavior with a peak osmotic efficiency value (ω) of 0.172 that gradually shifted to zero upon breakthrough of calcium ions. Effective diffusion coefficients of calcium and chloride ions were in the range commonly described for untreated bentonite at similar porosities. After the chemico-osmotic/diffusion stage and permeation with 5 mM CaCl2, the hydraulic conductivity of MSB increased from 1.1 × 10−11 m/s to 7.0 × 10−11 m/s. The MSB was apparently converted into a calcium-exchanged bentonite at the end of the test. Prehydration and subsequent permeation might have contributed to elution of the organic additive from the clay. Further investigation is recommended to clarify the effect of prehydration on the hydraulic performance of MSB in the presence of potentially aggressive permeants.

Keywords

Chemico-osmotic EfficiencyContaminant-resistantDiffusionHydraulic ConductivityMembrane‘Multiswellable’ BentonitePropylene CarbonateSwelling
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 58 , Issue 3 , June 2010 , pp. 351 - 363
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2010

References

Ashmawy, A.K. El-Hajji, D. Sotelo, N. and Naim, M., 2002 Hydraulic performance of polymer-treated bentonite in inorganic landfill leachates Clays and Clay Minerals 50 546–553 10.1346/000986002320679288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aylmore, L.A.G. and Quirk, J.P., 1971 Domains and quasicrystalline regions in clay systems Soil Science Society of America Journal 35 652–654 10.2136/sssaj1971.03615995003500040046x.Google Scholar
Bolt, G.H., 1956 Physico-chemical analysis of the compressibility of pure clays Geotechnique 6 86–93 10.1680/geot.1956.6.2.86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouazza, A., 2002 Geosynthetic Clay Liners Geotextiles and Geomembranes 20 3–17 10.1016/S0266-1144(01)00025-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bresler, E., 1973 Anion exclusion and coupling effects in nonsteady transport through unsaturated soil: I. Theory Soil Science Society of America Journal 37 663–669 10.2136/sssaj1973.03615995003700050013x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crank, J., 1975 The Mathematics of Diffusion 2nd edition UK Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Egloffstein, T.A., 2001 Natural bentonites: influence of the ion exchange and partial desiccation on permeability and self-healing capacity of bentonites used in GCLs Geotextiles and Geomembranes 19 427–444 10.1016/S0266-1144(01)00017-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, J., 1986 Ideality of clay membranes in osmotic processes: A review Clays and Clay Minerals 34 214–223 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyonnet, D. Gaucher, E. Gaboriau, H. Pons, C.-H. Norotte, V. and Didier, G., 2005 Geosynthetic clay liner interaction with leachate: correlation between permeability, microstructure, and surface chemistry Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 131 740–749 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:6(740).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jo, H.Y. Katsumi, T. Benson, C.H. and Edil, T.B., 2001 Hydraulic conductivity and swelling of non-prehydrated GCLs permeated with single species salt solutions Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 127 557–567 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(557).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jo, H.Y. Katsumi, T. Benson, C.H. and Edil, T.B., 2004 Hydraulic conductivity and cation exchange in non-prehydrated and pre-hydrated bentonite permeated with weak inorganic solutions Clays and Clay Minerals 52 661–679 10.1346/CCMN.2004.0520601.Google Scholar
Jugnickel, C. Smith, D. and Fityus, S., 2004 Coupled multi-ion electrodiffusion analysis for clay soil Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41 287–298 10.1139/t03-092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katchalsky, A. and Curran, P.F., 1965 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics in Biophysics USA Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 10.4159/harvard.9780674494121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katsumi, T. Onikata, M. Hasegawa, S. Lin, L. Kondo, M. Kamon, M., Yong, R.N. Thomas, H.R., 2001 Chemical compatibility of modified bentonite permeated with inorganic solutions Geoenvironmental Engineering, Geoenvironmental Impact Management London Thomas Telford 419–424.Google Scholar
Katsumi, T. Ishimori, H. Onikata, M. and Fukagawa, R., 2008 Long-term barrier performance of modified bentonite materials against sodium and calcium permeant solutions Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26 14–30 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.04.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolstad, D.C. Benson, C.H. Edil, T.B. and Jo, H.Y., 2004 Hydraulic conductivity of a dense prehydrated GCL permeated with aggressive inorganic solutions Geosynthetics International 11 233–241 10.1680/gein.11.3.209.44488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A., 2006 Influence of layer charge on swelling of smectites Applied Clay Science 34 74–87 10.1016/j.clay.2006.01.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malusis, M. and Shackelford, C.D., 2001 Chemico-osmotic efficiency of a geosynthetic clay liner Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 128 97–106 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:2(97).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malusis, M. and Shackelford, C.D., 2002 Theory for reactive solute transport through clay membrane barriers Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 59 291–316 10.1016/S0169-7722(02)00041-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malusis, M.A. Shackelford, C.D. and Olsen, H.W., 2001 A laboratory apparatus to measure the chemico-osmotic efficiency for clay soils Geotechnical Testing Journal 24 229–242 10.1520/GTJ11343J.Google Scholar
Manassero, M. and Dominijanni, A., 2003 Modelling the osmosis effect on solute migration through porous media Géotechnique 53 481–492 10.1680/geot.2003.53.5.481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzieri, F. Pasqualini, E. and Thomas, H.R., 2006 Evaluating the permeability of an organically modified bentonite to natural seawater Proceedings of the IVth International Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, Cardiff UK Thomas Telford, Surrey 749–756.Google Scholar
Mazzieri, F. Van Impe, P.O. Van Impe, W.F. Constales, D., Vaniceck, I., 2003 Measurement of chemico-osmotic parameters of clayey soils Proceedings XIIIth European Conference ISSMGE, Prague 433–438.Google Scholar
Mesri, G. and Olson, R.E., 1971 Mechanisms controlling the permeability of clays Clays and Clay Minerals 19 151–158 10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, J.K., 1993 Fundamentals of Soil Behavior 2nd edition New York Wiley.Google Scholar
Mishra, A.K. Ohtsubo, M. Li, L. and Higashi, T., 2006 Effect of salt concentrations on the hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures of basalt soil and various bentonites Journal of Agricultural Faculty 51 37–43.Google Scholar
Norrish, K. and Quirk, J.P., 1954 Crystalline swelling of montmorillonite. Use of electrolytes to control swelling Nature 173 255–256 10.1038/173255a0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onikata, M. Kondo, M. Kamon, M. and Kamon, M., 1996 Development and characterization of a multiswellable bentonite Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental Geotechnics Rotterdam Balkema 587–590.Google Scholar
Onikata, M. Kondo, M. Hayashi, N. and Yamanaka, S., 1999 Complex formation of cation-exchanged montmorillonites with propylene carbonate: Osmotic swelling in aqueous electrolyte solutions Clays and Clay Minerals 47 672–677 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onikata, M. Fujita, K. Kondo, M. and Yamanaka, S., 2000 Complex formation of homoionic montmorillonite with propylene carbonate and osmotic swelling in aqueous electrolyte solutions Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 341 345–350 10.1080/10587250008026164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusch, R. and Weston, R., 2003 Microstructural stability controls the hydraulic conductivity of smectitic buffer clay Applied Clay Science 23 35–41 10.1016/S0169-1317(03)00084-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, J.P. and Marčelja, S., 1997 Application of doublelayers theories to extensive crystalline swelling of Limontmorillonite Langmuir 13 6241–6248 10.1021/la970484l.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoades, J.D. and Sparks, D.L., 1996 Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids Method of Soil Analysis Part 3 USA Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin 417–435.Google Scholar
Shackelford, C.D., 2005 Environmental issues in geoenvironmental engineering Proceedings XVIth International Conference ISSMGE, Osaka The Netherlands Millpress 95–122.Google Scholar
Shackelford, C.D. and Daniel, D.E., 1991 Diffusion in saturated soils, I: Background Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 117 467–484 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:3(467).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackelford, C.D. and Lee, J., 2003 The destructive role of diffusion on clay membrane behavior Clays and Clay Minerals 51 186–196 10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackelford, C.D. Malusis, M.A. and Di Maio, C., 2002 Clay membrane behavior and coupled solute diffusion Chemo-Mechanical Coupling in Clays; from a Nano-Scale to Engineering Applications The Netherlands Swets & Zeitliger Publishers 289–297.Google Scholar
Shackelford, C.D. Benson, C.H. Katsumi, T. Edil, T.B. and Lin, L., 2000 Evaluating the hydraulic conductivity of GCLs permeated with nonstandard liquids Geotextiles and Geomembranes 18 133–161 10.1016/S0266-1144(99)00024-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumner, M.E. Miller, W.P. and Sparks, D.L., 1996 Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 USA Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin 1201–1229.Google Scholar
Van Impe, P.O. Van Impe, W.F. Mazzieri, F., 2005 Impact of osmotic efficiency on contaminant transport parameters Proceedings XVIth International Conference ISSMGE, Osaka The Netherlands Millpress 2343–2346.Google Scholar
Viani, B.V. Low, P.F. and Roth, C.B., 1983 Direct measurement of the relation between interlayer force and interlayer distance in the swelling of montmorillonite Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 96 229–244 10.1016/0021-9797(83)90025-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitworth, T.M. and Fritz, S.J., 1994 Electrolyte-induced solute permeability effects in compacted smectite membranes Applied Geochemistry 9 533–546 10.1016/0883-2927(94)90015-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar