Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T09:32:19.240Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reference Chlorite Characterization for Chlorite Identification in Soil Clays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

R. Torrence Martin
R. Torrence Martin*
Affiliation:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Literature pertaining to differential thermal and X-ray diffraction of chlorite minerals is reviewed. Optical, DTA, and X-ray data for eleven chlorite samples of clinochlore, prochlorite, thuringite, corundophilite, and leuchtenbergite are given. The effect of particle size (105 to −1 μ) on DTA, X-ray diffraction, glycol retention, and cation exchange capacity are given for two thuringites, one clinochlore, and one prochlorite.

Identification of chlorite by DTA in a soil clay containing a mixture of minerals is improbable at the present time except under very favorable circumstances. However, for relatively pure chlorite samples, variations in chemical composition are reflected in the differential thermal curves. The largest change in the thermogram is produced by ferric iron which lowers the peak temperature from 720° C to 610° C. Differences in thermal behavior between low and high ferric iron chlorite species are maintained for any given particle size. Chlorite thermograms obtained by different investigators show much greater variation than the differences in thermograms for other clay minerals determined on different equipment.

X-ray diffraction can be used to positively identify chlorite in a soil clay, (a) by careful analysis of reflections at least as great as 14 Å, and (b) by the influence heat treatment (550° C for 30 minutes) has on the X-ray pattern. Heat treatment produces marked changes in the X-ray pattern of the finer particle size samples and the magnitude of the change effected is greater for high iron chlorites (thuringite) than for low iron chlorites (clinochlore and prochlorite). Olivine is not the recrystallization product for thuringite. The smallest size fractions show no tendency toward vermiculite or montmorillonoid.

Cation exchange capacity for silt size chlorites varies from 4 to 32 m.e./100gm., and for −2 μ chlorite particles from 30 to 47 m.e./100gm. Cation exchange capacities for −2 μ and −1 μ chlorites are essentially the same.

Ethylene glycol retention increases with decreasing particle size. Glycol retention for −2 μ chlorite samples varies from 25 to 40 mg, glycol/gm, clay. For −1 μ chlorite material, glycol retention is 2 to 4 times greater than for −2 μ material.

Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals (National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals) , Volume 3 , February 1954 , pp. 117 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 1954

References

Arens, P. L. (1951) A study of differential thermal analysis of clays and clay minerals: Doctorate dissertation, Wageningen, Netherlands, 131 pp.Google Scholar
Barshad, I. (1948) Vermiculite and its relation to Matite as revealed by base exchange reactions, X-ray analyses, differential thermal curves, and water content: Am. Mineral., vol. 33, pp. 655–678.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W. (1951) X-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals: London, The Mineralogical Society, 345 pp.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W., and Ali, S. Z. (1950) X-ray study of thermal transformations in some magnesian chlorite minerals: Acta Cryst., vol. 3, pp. 25–30.10.1107/S0365110X50000069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cailère, S., and Hénin, S. (1949a) Transformation of minerals of montmorillorite family into 10 A micas: Min. Mag., vol. 28, pp. 606–611.Google Scholar
Cailère, S., and Hénin, S. (1949b) Experimental formation of chlorite from montmo- rillonite: Min. Mag., vol. 28, pp. 612–620.Google Scholar
Earley, J. W., et al (1953) Thermal dehydration, and X-ray studies on montmoril- lonite: Am. Mineral., vol. 38, pp. 770–783.Google Scholar
Grim, R. E. (1953) Clay mineralogy: New York, McGraw-Hill, 384 pp.Google Scholar
Hey, M. H. (1954) A new review of chlorites: Min. Mag., vol. 30, pp. 277–292.Google Scholar
Jeffries, C. D., et al (1953) Mica weathering sequence in the High field and Chester soil profiles: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., vol. 17, pp. 337–339.10.2136/sssaj1953.03615995001700040009xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambe, T. W. (1952) Differential thermal analysis: High, Res. Board Proc., vol. 31, pp. 621–642.Google Scholar
Kerr, P. F., et al (1949) Differential thermal analysis of reference clay mineral specimens: New York, Columbia University, 48 pp.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, R. C, and Farquharson, K. R. (1952) Standardisation of differential thermal analysis technique, Comité International pour L’Étude des Argiles.Google Scholar
Martin, R. T. (1954) Clay minerals of five New York Soil profiles: Soil Sci., vol. 77, pp. 389–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R. T. (In press, 1954) Ethylene glycol retention by clays: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. A. (1953) Oriented — aggregate specimens of clay for X-ray analysis made by pressure: Clay Minerals Bull. vol. 2, pp. 76–78.10.1180/claymin.1953.002.10.04CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orcel, J. (1927) Recherches sur la composition chimique des chlorites; Chapter IV, L'eau de chlorites: Soc. Fran. Min. Bull., vol. 50, pp. 273–322.Google Scholar
Orcel, J. (1929) Complément a l'analyse thermique des chlorites; Soc. Fran. Min. Bull., vol. 52, pp. 194–197.Google Scholar
Orcel, J., and Cailère, S. (1938) Nouvelles observations sur les transformations des prochlorites magnesiennes sous l'action de la chaleur: Compt. Rend., vol. 207, pp. 788–790.Google Scholar
Orcel, J., and Renaud, P. (1941) Étude du dégagement d'hydrogène associé au depart de Veau de constitution des chlorites ferromognésiennes: Compt. Rend., vol. 212, pp. 918–921.Google Scholar
Peech, M. (1947) Methods of soil analysis for soil-fertility investigations: U.S.D.A., Circular No. 757, pp. 9–11.Google Scholar
Sabatier, G. (1950) Sur V influence de la dimension des cristaux de chlorites sur leurs courbes d'analyse thermique différentielle: Soc. Fran. Min. Bull., vol. 73, pp. 43–48.Google Scholar
Speil, S., et al (1945) Differential thermal analysis: U.S. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper 664, 81 pp.Google Scholar
Winchell, A. N. (1951) Elements of optical mineralogy. Part II: Descriptions of minerals’: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 551 pp.Google Scholar